Lec Test 1 CH1 Flashcards
the study of structure and form
anatomy
scientists who study the structure and form of organisms
anatomists
the study of function of the body parts
physiology
scientists who examine how organs and body systems function under normal circumstances
physiologists
“The lining of the lungs helps protect it.” Does this state represent physiology or anatomy?
Physiology—studies the function of the parietal pleura in the protection of the lungs
“The lining of the lungs is made of simple squamous epithelium.” Does this state represent physiology or anatomy
Physiology—studies the structure of the lining of the lungs
examines structures that cannot be seen by the unaided eye
microscopic anatomy
the study of body cells and their internal structure
cytology
the study of tissues
histology
investigates the structure and relationships of body parts that are visible to the unaided eye
gross anatomy
studies the anatomy of each functional body system
systemic anatomy
examines all the structures in a particular region of the body as a complete unit
regional anatomy
both superficial anatomic markings and the internal body structures that relate to the skin covering them
surface anatomy
examines similarities and differences in the anatomy of different species
comparative anatomy
discipline concerned with developmental changes occurring from conception to birth
embryology
examines all anatomic changes resulting from disease
pathologic anatomy
investigates the relationships among internal structures that may be visualized by specific scanning procedures
radiographic anatomy
Discipline of anatomy that explores differences between species, eg lower limb of human vs chimpanzee
comparative anatomy
functioning of heart, blood vessels, and blood
cardiovascular physiology
examines how nerve impulses travel throughout the nervous system
neurophysiology
studies how respiratory gases are transferred by gas exchange between lungs and blood vessels
respiratory physiology
explores how regulation of reproductive hormones can drive the reproductive cycle and influence sex cell production and maturation
reproductive physiology
investigates the relationship between the functioning of an organ system and disease or injury to that organ system
pathophysiology
one of the properties common to all organisms - exhibit a complex structure and order
organization
one of the properties common to all organisms - the sum of all of the chemical reactions that occur within the body
metabolism
a metabolic reaction - formation of large, complex molecules from simple molecules
anabolism
a metabolic reaction - breakdown of complex molecules into simple molecules
catabolism
one of the properties common to all organisms - due to the organism’s assimilation of materials from their environment, they often exhibit a growth in size and increased specialization as related to form and function
growth and development
one of the properties common to all organisms - the ability to sense and react to stimuli
responsiveness
changes in the external or internal environment
stimuli
the body’s ability to maintain a constant internal state in response to changes in environmental stimuli
homeostasis
a homeostatic feedback mechanism that works against the stimulus, eg raises body temperature in response to cold
negative feedback
a homeostatic feedback mechanism that work with the stimulus, eg breastfeeding
positive feedback
Give three examples of positive feedback mechanisms
blood clotting
uterine contractions during birth
breastfeeding
the body structure that detects changes in a variable, which is a substance or process that is regulated; typically consists of sensory neurons
receptor
a change in the variable (a physical or chemical factor)
stimulus
structure that interprets input from the receptor and initiates changes through the effector
control center
the structure that brings about the change to alter the stimulus
effector
normal value of a variable maintained by homeostasis
set point
A specific cause of homeostatic imbalance
diagnosis
the likely course of a disease or ailment
prognosis
A subjective feature that is regarded as indicating a condition of disease
symptom
Any objective evidence of disease, as opposed to a symptom, which is, by nature, subjective
sign
Three components of a homeostatic system
- receptor
- control center
- effector
Describe the feedback loop of homeostasis
- detection of stimulus by receptor
- information relayed to control center
- initiation of change through effectors
- return of homeostasis
Example of a drug that effects homeostatic control, makes you feel happier and causes crash if not taken every day
SSRI (serotonin)
the specific cause of the homeostatic imbalance
diagnosis
the primary method of obtaining an image of a body part for diagnostic purposes
radiography
a form of high-energy radiation that pass through soft tissues but are absorbed by dense tissues
x-rays
second most widely used method of obtaining an image of a body part for diagnostic purposes’ produces high-frequency ultrasound waves and then receives signals that are reflected from internal organs
sonography
(CT scan) a more sophisticated application of x-rays
computed tomography scan
a modified three-dimensional x-ray technique used primarily to view blood vessels
digital subtraction angiography (DSA)
provides two important pieces of medical information: (1) 3D images of body organs, and (2) information about the normal organ movement as well as changes in its internal volume
dynamic spatial reconstruction (DSR)
developed as a noninvasive technique to visualize soft tissues
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
provides the means to map brain function based on local oxygen concentration differences in blood flow
functional MRI (fMRI)
scan used both to analyze the metabolic state of a tissue at a given moment in time and to determine which tissues are most active
positron emission tomography (PET)
