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Anatomy and Physiology I > Lec 2-7 > Flashcards

Lec 2-7 Flashcards

1
Q

Four types of bone cells

A

Osteoprogenitors, Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, Osteoclasts

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2
Q

Bone cell growth cycle

A

Osteoprogenitors > Osteoblasts > Osteocytes

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3
Q

Bone stem cells, and turn into Osteoblasts

A

Osteoprogenitors

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4
Q

Bone cells that make new bone, and turn into Osteocytes

A

Osteoblasts

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5
Q

Bone cells that maintain bone

A

Osteocytes

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6
Q

Bone cells that break down bone, different from other 3 types of cells

A

Osteoclasts

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7
Q

Two hormones that work in opposition

A

Parathyroid hormone vs calcitonin

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8
Q

Hormone that raises blood calcium levels, released from parathyroid

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

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9
Q

Three ways to increase blood calcium levels

A

absorb in intestines, take out of bones, stop excreting out of kidneys

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10
Q

Two hormones that increase blood calcium levels

A

Calcitriol and PTH

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11
Q

Calcitriol acts on intestines to

A

increase Ca2+ absorption from intestines

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12
Q

PTH + Calcitriol work on bones how

A

increase osteoclastic activity to release Ca2+

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13
Q

PTH and Calcitriol work on kidneys how

A

decrease Ca2+ excretion in urine

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14
Q

Three ways to lower blood calcium levels

A

stop absorbing in intestines, stop breaking down bones, increase excretion in kidneys

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15
Q

Hormone that lowers blood calcium levels, released from thyroid gland in response to high blood calcium

A

Calcitonin

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16
Q

Calcitonin action on intestines

A

counteracts PTH+calcitriol, stop absorption

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17
Q

Calcitonin action on bones

A

stops osteoclastic activity

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18
Q

Calcitonin action on kidneys

A

increases Ca2+ excretion in urine

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19
Q

Glassy-appearing matrix; irregularly arranged chondrocytes in lacunae; usually covered by perichondrium. Provides support; forms most of fetal skeleton.

A

Hyaline cartilage

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20
Q

Abundant elastic fibers that form weblike mesh; chondrocytes in lacunae; perichondrium present. Maintains shape while permitting extensive flexibility.

A

Elastic cartilage

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21
Q

Readily visible, numerous parallel collagen fibers; large chondrocytes in lacunae; no perichondrium. Resists compression; acts as shock absorber in some joints.

A

Fibrocartilage

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22
Q

Catilage located in tip of nose; trachea; most of larynx, costal cartilage; articular ends of long bones; most of fetal skeleton

A

Hyaline cartilage

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23
Q

Cartilage located in intervertebral discs; pubic symphysis; menisci of knee joints

A

Fibrocartilage

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24
Q

Cartilage located in external ear; epiglottis of larynx

A

Elastic cartilage

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25
Bone found on outside of bone, dense, has osteons
compact bone
26
Bone found on inside of bone, has trabeculae
spongy bone
27
Functions of bones
structure, protection, movement, storage, production of blood
28
Production of blood cells, happens in bone marrow
hemopoesis
29
bone that is longer than wide, eg humerus, ulna, radius, metacarpals, metatarsals, phalanges
long bones
30
bone that is same length as width, eg carpals, tarsals, patella
short bones
31
Type of short bone that grows within tendon, eg patella
sesmoid bones
32
bone that is flattish, eg parietal bones, roof of skull, sternum, ribs
flat bones
33
bone that doesn’t fall into other categories, eg vertebrae, hip bones, ethmoid, sphenoid
irregular bones
34
Bone types that lack a medullary cavity, but still have marrow
short, flat, irregular
35
Small opening or hole in bone that is a entrance for artery, vein, nerve, serve as an entry/exit point for nutrients
nutrient foramen
36
Bone marrow that makes blood cells
red bone marrow
37
Fatty tissue that is the product of red marrow degeneration
yellow bone marrow
38
In case of extreme need, body can turn what marrow into what other marrow
yellow marrow to red marrow
39
Middle of a long bone, shaft
diaphysis
40
Cavity inside the disphysis of a long bone
medullary cavity
41
Bone cavity that contains bone marrow
medullary cavity
42
Ends of a long bone, proximal and distal
epiphyses (singular epiphysis)
43
Region of bone between the diaphysis and epiphysis
metaphysis
44
Site of bone growth (growth plate) in the bone
metaphysis
45
Name for cartilage layer in metaphysis where bone growth happens in kids
epiphyseal plate
46
Name for sealed epiphyseal plate in bones, seals when bone stops growing
epiphyseal line
47
Spongy struts in spongy bones
trabeculae
48
Connective tissue that wraps the outside of bone
periosteum
49
Fibers that hold periosteum to bone
perforating fibers
50
Extension of periosteum connective tissue that connects to muscle
tendon
51
Connective tissue that line medullary cavity, inner surface of bones
endosteum
52
Term for growth in bone length
Interstitial growth
53
Term for growth in bone width
appositional
54
Two processes for bone formation
intramembraneous ossification, endochondral ossification
55
Bone formation process specific to long bones
endochondral ossification
56
Bone formation process for flat bones
intramembraneous ossification
57
Term for tissue turning into bone
ossification
58
depositing of calcium salts
calcification
59
Steps for intramembraneous ossification
(1) osteoprogenitor cells cause bone to get thicker, (2) calcium is added, (3) hard areas grow together and bone is wrapped in periosteum, (4) outer edges harden
60
Steps for endochondral ossification
(1) start with hyaline cartilage model, (2) diaphysis outer edge hardens, (3) inner diaphysis hardens, (4) epiphysis starts to harden a little bit (primary ossification center), (4) rest of epiphysis hardens, still a hyaline cartilage growth plate, (5) cartilage grows in length (interstitial growth) a little, hardens a little, grows a little, hardens a little, etc., (6) diaphysis and epiphysis harden together, growth plate seals
61
Site where bone formation occurs in the epiphyses
primary ossification centers
62
Bone growth in width, bone hardens, eats away center, repeats process
Appositional growth
63
How to bones get stronger
under mechanical stress (walking, climbing, etc)
64
How to bones get weaker
without mechanical stress, sitting, laying
65
Hormones that affect bone growth
testosterone, growth hormone, thyroid hormone, parathyroid hormone, estrogen
66
Hormone that makes bones grow thicker
testosterone
67
Effects of aging on bone
Cells get smaller, fewer, doesn’t work as well, doesn’t repair as well, dies
68
Normal bone density decrease with age, *non-pathological*, mitigated with physical movement
osteopenia
69
Thinning of bone with age that is potentially pathological, more common in females due to menopause
osteoporosis
70
Complete severing of body part
avulsion fracture
71
Fracture of the distal end of the radius (fall on outstretched hand)
colles fracture
72
Bone is splintered
comminuted fracture
73
Bone is broken in two or more pieces
complete fx
74
Broken ends of bone protrude through the skin
compound fx
75
Bone is squished (eg in vertebra during fall)
compression fx
76
Fractured bone sare out of anatomic alignment
displaced fx
77
Epiphysis is separated from the diaphysis at the epiphyseal plate
epiphyseal fx
78
Partial fx with young bones, one side of bone fractures
greenstick fx
79
Fine crack in bones
hairline fx
80
Partial fx that extends only part way through the bone
incomplete fx
81
Fractures that break at an angle
oblique fx
82
Breaks due to disease
pathological fx
83
Fx at the distal end of the tibia and fibula
potts fx
84
Bone does not break through the skin
simple fx
85
Thin fractures due to repeated microtraumas, eg shin splints
stress fx
86
Fracture at right angles to bone
transverse fx
87
Steps in fracture healing
(1) bone breaks, (2) blood clot forms (hematoma), (3) blood clot is replaced by fibrocartilage, (4) fibrocartilage hardens into bone, (5) extra bone dissolves
88
Blood clot that form in a bone fracture
hematoma
89
Compact bone is ________ after fracture
thicker
90
How does bone get its blood supply
Bone highly vascularized, entering from periosteum
91
osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts and osteoid
organic components of bone matrix
92
Approximately one-third of the bone matrix, includes ground substance (composed of proteoglycans and glycoproteins) and collagen fibers, both of which are made and secreted by osteoblasts.
Osteoid
93
mineral salts, largely calcium phosphates present in the form of tiny, tightly packed crystals in and around the collagen fibers in the extracellular matrix
inorganic components of bone matrix
94
What vitamins are needed for healthy bone
Calcium and vitamin D
95
What cells are involved with bone resorption
osteoclasts
96
Why does bone resorption occur
low blood calcium levels
97
chronic disease of elderly people characterized by deterioration of bone tissue, especially in the spine, skull, or pelvis, sometimes causing severe pain
Osteitis Deformans
98
Basic functional and structural unit of mature compact bone
osteon
99
__________ is oriented parallel to the bone Diaphysis
osteon
100
production of new bone
osteogenesis
101
newly formed bone connective tissue is immature & not well organized
woven bone
102
mesenchyme that still surrounds the woven bone begins to thicken and eventually organizes to form the periosteum
lamellar bone
103
renewing and reshaping of bone
bone remodeling
104
long bones of limb stop growing in childhood generally have big head
achondroplastic dwarfism
105
disease caused by vitamin D deficiency in childhood and characterized by overproduction and deficeint calcification of osteoid tissue
rickets
106
What contributes to bone strength and flexibility
Calcium
107
What causes bone mass to decrease
not incorporating mechanical stress (physical activity)
108
How is vitamin D formed
ultraviolet light converts the precursor molecule in keratinocytes to Vitamin D
109
How is vitamin D used
regulating levels of minerals such as phosphorus and calcium

Anatomy and Physiology I (30 decks)

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