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Anatomy and Physiology I > Lec 2-7 > Flashcards

Lec 2-7 Flashcards

1
Q

Four types of bone cells

A

Osteoprogenitors, Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, Osteoclasts

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2
Q

Bone cell growth cycle

A

Osteoprogenitors > Osteoblasts > Osteocytes

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3
Q

Bone stem cells, and turn into Osteoblasts

A

Osteoprogenitors

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4
Q

Bone cells that make new bone, and turn into Osteocytes

A

Osteoblasts

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5
Q

Bone cells that maintain bone

A

Osteocytes

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6
Q

Bone cells that break down bone, different from other 3 types of cells

A

Osteoclasts

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7
Q

Two hormones that work in opposition

A

Parathyroid hormone vs calcitonin

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8
Q

Hormone that raises blood calcium levels, released from parathyroid

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

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9
Q

Three ways to increase blood calcium levels

A

absorb in intestines, take out of bones, stop excreting out of kidneys

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10
Q

Two hormones that increase blood calcium levels

A

Calcitriol and PTH

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11
Q

Calcitriol acts on intestines to

A

increase Ca2+ absorption from intestines

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12
Q

PTH + Calcitriol work on bones how

A

increase osteoclastic activity to release Ca2+

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13
Q

PTH and Calcitriol work on kidneys how

A

decrease Ca2+ excretion in urine

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14
Q

Three ways to lower blood calcium levels

A

stop absorbing in intestines, stop breaking down bones, increase excretion in kidneys

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15
Q

Hormone that lowers blood calcium levels, released from thyroid gland in response to high blood calcium

A

Calcitonin

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16
Q

Calcitonin action on intestines

A

counteracts PTH+calcitriol, stop absorption

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17
Q

Calcitonin action on bones

A

stops osteoclastic activity

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18
Q

Calcitonin action on kidneys

A

increases Ca2+ excretion in urine

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19
Q

Glassy-appearing matrix; irregularly arranged chondrocytes in lacunae; usually covered by perichondrium. Provides support; forms most of fetal skeleton.

A

Hyaline cartilage

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20
Q

Abundant elastic fibers that form weblike mesh; chondrocytes in lacunae; perichondrium present. Maintains shape while permitting extensive flexibility.

A

Elastic cartilage

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21
Q

Readily visible, numerous parallel collagen fibers; large chondrocytes in lacunae; no perichondrium. Resists compression; acts as shock absorber in some joints.

A

Fibrocartilage

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22
Q

Catilage located in tip of nose; trachea; most of larynx, costal cartilage; articular ends of long bones; most of fetal skeleton

A

Hyaline cartilage

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23
Q

Cartilage located in intervertebral discs; pubic symphysis; menisci of knee joints

A

Fibrocartilage

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24
Q

Cartilage located in external ear; epiglottis of larynx

A

Elastic cartilage

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25
Q

Bone found on outside of bone, dense, has osteons

A

compact bone

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26
Q

Bone found on inside of bone, has trabeculae

A

spongy bone

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27
Q

Functions of bones

A

structure, protection, movement, storage, production of blood

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28
Q

Production of blood cells, happens in bone marrow

A

hemopoesis

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29
Q

bone that is longer than wide, eg humerus, ulna, radius, metacarpals, metatarsals, phalanges

A

long bones

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30
Q

bone that is same length as width, eg carpals, tarsals, patella

A

short bones

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31
Q

Type of short bone that grows within tendon, eg patella

A

sesmoid bones

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32
Q

bone that is flattish, eg parietal bones, roof of skull, sternum, ribs

A

flat bones

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33
Q

bone that doesn’t fall into other categories, eg vertebrae, hip bones, ethmoid, sphenoid

A

irregular bones

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34
Q

Bone types that lack a medullary cavity, but still have marrow

A

short, flat, irregular

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35
Q

Small opening or hole in bone that is a entrance for artery, vein, nerve, serve as an entry/exit point for nutrients

A

nutrient foramen

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36
Q

Bone marrow that makes blood cells

A

red bone marrow

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37
Q

Fatty tissue that is the product of red marrow degeneration

A

yellow bone marrow

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38
Q

In case of extreme need, body can turn what marrow into what other marrow

A

yellow marrow to red marrow

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39
Q

Middle of a long bone, shaft

A

diaphysis

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40
Q

Cavity inside the disphysis of a long bone

A

medullary cavity

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41
Q

Bone cavity that contains bone marrow

A

medullary cavity

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42
Q

Ends of a long bone, proximal and distal

A

epiphyses (singular epiphysis)

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43
Q

Region of bone between the diaphysis and epiphysis

A

metaphysis

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44
Q

Site of bone growth (growth plate) in the bone

A

metaphysis

45
Q

Name for cartilage layer in metaphysis where bone growth happens in kids

A

epiphyseal plate

46
Q

Name for sealed epiphyseal plate in bones, seals when bone stops growing

A

epiphyseal line

47
Q

Spongy struts in spongy bones

A

trabeculae

48
Q

Connective tissue that wraps the outside of bone

A

periosteum

49
Q

Fibers that hold periosteum to bone

A

perforating fibers

50
Q

Extension of periosteum connective tissue that connects to muscle

51
Q

Connective tissue that line medullary cavity, inner surface of bones

52
Q

Term for growth in bone length

A

Interstitial growth

53
Q

Term for growth in bone width

A

appositional

54
Q

Two processes for bone formation

A

intramembraneous ossification, endochondral ossification

55
Q

Bone formation process specific to long bones

A

endochondral ossification

56
Q

Bone formation process for flat bones

A

intramembraneous ossification

57
Q

Term for tissue turning into bone

A

ossification

58
Q

depositing of calcium salts

A

calcification

59
Q

Steps for intramembraneous ossification

A

(1) osteoprogenitor cells cause bone to get thicker, (2) calcium is added, (3) hard areas grow together and bone is wrapped in periosteum, (4) outer edges harden

60
Q

Steps for endochondral ossification

A

(1) start with hyaline cartilage model, (2) diaphysis outer edge hardens, (3) inner diaphysis hardens, (4) epiphysis starts to harden a little bit (primary ossification center), (4) rest of epiphysis hardens, still a hyaline cartilage growth plate, (5) cartilage grows in length (interstitial growth) a little, hardens a little, grows a little, hardens a little, etc., (6) diaphysis and epiphysis harden together, growth plate seals

61
Q

Site where bone formation occurs in the epiphyses

A

primary ossification centers

62
Q

Bone growth in width, bone hardens, eats away center, repeats process

A

Appositional growth

63
Q

How to bones get stronger

A

under mechanical stress (walking, climbing, etc)

64
Q

How to bones get weaker

A

without mechanical stress, sitting, laying

65
Q

Hormones that affect bone growth

A

testosterone, growth hormone, thyroid hormone, parathyroid hormone, estrogen

66
Q

Hormone that makes bones grow thicker

A

testosterone

67
Q

Effects of aging on bone

A

Cells get smaller, fewer, doesn’t work as well, doesn’t repair as well, dies

68
Q

Normal bone density decrease with age, non-pathological, mitigated with physical movement

A

osteopenia

69
Q

Thinning of bone with age that is potentially pathological, more common in females due to menopause

A

osteoporosis

70
Q

Complete severing of body part

A

avulsion fracture

71
Q

Fracture of the distal end of the radius (fall on outstretched hand)

A

colles fracture

72
Q

Bone is splintered

A

comminuted fracture

73
Q

Bone is broken in two or more pieces

A

complete fx

74
Q

Broken ends of bone protrude through the skin

A

compound fx

75
Q

Bone is squished (eg in vertebra during fall)

A

compression fx

76
Q

Fractured bone sare out of anatomic alignment

A

displaced fx

77
Q

Epiphysis is separated from the diaphysis at the epiphyseal plate

A

epiphyseal fx

78
Q

Partial fx with young bones, one side of bone fractures

A

greenstick fx

79
Q

Fine crack in bones

A

hairline fx

80
Q

Partial fx that extends only part way through the bone

A

incomplete fx

81
Q

Fractures that break at an angle

A

oblique fx

82
Q

Breaks due to disease

A

pathological fx

83
Q

Fx at the distal end of the tibia and fibula

84
Q

Bone does not break through the skin

85
Q

Thin fractures due to repeated microtraumas, eg shin splints

86
Q

Fracture at right angles to bone

A

transverse fx

87
Q

Steps in fracture healing

A

(1) bone breaks, (2) blood clot forms (hematoma), (3) blood clot is replaced by fibrocartilage, (4) fibrocartilage hardens into bone, (5) extra bone dissolves

88
Q

Blood clot that form in a bone fracture

89
Q

Compact bone is ________ after fracture

90
Q

How does bone get its blood supply

A

Bone highly vascularized, entering from periosteum

91
Q

osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts and osteoid

A

organic components of bone matrix

92
Q

Approximately one-third of the bone matrix, includes ground substance (composed of proteoglycans and glycoproteins) and collagen fibers, both of which are made and secreted by osteoblasts.

93
Q

mineral salts, largely calcium phosphates present in the form of tiny, tightly packed crystals in and around the collagen fibers in the extracellular matrix

A

inorganic components of bone matrix

94
Q

What vitamins are needed for healthy bone

A

Calcium and vitamin D

95
Q

What cells are involved with bone resorption

A

osteoclasts

96
Q

Why does bone resorption occur

A

low blood calcium levels

97
Q

chronic disease of elderly people characterized by deterioration of bone tissue, especially in the spine, skull, or pelvis, sometimes causing severe pain

A

Osteitis Deformans

98
Q

Basic functional and structural unit of mature compact bone

99
Q

__________ is oriented parallel to the bone Diaphysis

100
Q

production of new bone

A

osteogenesis

101
Q

newly formed bone connective tissue is immature & not well organized

A

woven bone

102
Q

mesenchyme that still surrounds the woven bone begins to thicken and eventually organizes to form the periosteum

A

lamellar bone

103
Q

renewing and reshaping of bone

A

bone remodeling

104
Q

long bones of limb stop growing in childhood generally have big head

A

achondroplastic dwarfism

105
Q

disease caused by vitamin D deficiency in childhood and characterized by overproduction and deficeint calcification of osteoid tissue

106
Q

What contributes to bone strength and flexibility

107
Q

What causes bone mass to decrease

A

not incorporating mechanical stress (physical activity)

108
Q

How is vitamin D formed

A

ultraviolet light converts the precursor molecule in keratinocytes to Vitamin D

109
Q

How is vitamin D used

A

regulating levels of minerals such as phosphorus and calcium

Anatomy and Physiology I (30 decks)

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