Lec Test 1 CH2 Flashcards by Brad H

Any substance that has mass and occupies space

Define matter

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solid, liquid, gas

List matter’s three forms

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Proton, neutron, electron

three parts of an atom

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positive charge, in nuclease, 1 amu

Proton

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no charge, in nucleas, 1 amu

Neutron

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negative charge, in valances, 0 amu

Electron

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What happens when the number of protons changes in an atom

The type of element is changed

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Anions composed of more than 1 atom

Polyatomic ions

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atoms or groups of atoms with a positive or negative charge

Ion

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Common cations in the body

Sodium
 Potassium
 Calcium
 Magnesium
 Hydrogen

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Na+, most common extracellular cation, electrical conductivity, movement of water, transport across plasma membrane

Sodium

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K+, most common intracellular cation, electrical conductivity, glycogen storage in liver and muscle, pH balance

Potassium

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Ca2+, hardness of bones and teeth, muscle contraction, exocytosis, clotting, hormones

Calcium

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Mg2+, produce ATP

Magnesium

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H+, pH

Hydrogen

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Common anions in the body

Chloride
Bicarbonate
Phosphate

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Cl-, neuron responsiveness, HCl in stomach, chloride in RBCs

Chloride

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HCO3-, transported in blood after conversion from CO2, buffers pH in blood

Bicarbonate

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PO43-, most common intracellular anion, intracellular buffer, helps harden bone and teeth, phospholipid membranes, nucleotides, ATP, DNA, RNA

Phosphate

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positively charged ion

Cation

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negatively charged ions

Anion

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Cations and anions bound together by ionic bonds

ionic compounds

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What is formed when a cation and anion bind together

Structures formed are salts

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Formula that shows number and types of atoms

Molecular formula

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formula that shows number, types, and arrangements within molecule

structural formula

same number of atoms together in a different shape

isomer

Sharing of electrons between molecules

covalent bond

Inner valance shell of an atom contains 2 electrons. Remaining valances contain 8 electrons, and atoms form covalent bonds to achieve 8 electrons in outer shell

octet rule

four most common elements in the human body

Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen

Example of a weak acid

carbonic acid

Example of a weak base

bicarbonic acid

Healthy pH range of blood

7.35-4.45

When substances in the solute separate in water (eg salts and ionic compounds)

dissociation

When water dissociates, what two ions form

A hydrogen (H+) cation and a hydroxide (OH-) anion

substance that dissociates in water to produce a H+ and an anion, increasing the concentration of H+, proton donor

acid

accepts H+, decreases concentration of H+, proton acceptor

base

the amount of H+ a solution contains

Define pH

pH toward 0 (acid) is ____________ H+ and ____________ pH

increasing; decreasing

pH toward 14 (base) is _________ H+ and ______________ pH

decreasing; increasing

When a basic or acidic solution is returned to pH7

neutralization

A substance in a solution that helps prevent pH changes if excess acid or base is added

buffer

The pH is a measure of

H+ in a solution, 7 and 14

What is the difference between an organic molecule and an inorganic molecule

Organic molecules always contain carbon

What are the four classes of biomolecules in living systems

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids

Formed from repeating monomers, only biomolecule that is not a polymer, fatty, water-insoluable, function as stored energy, components of cellular membranes, and hormones

general characteristics of a lipid

type of lipid that is long term energy storage in adipose connective tissue, structural support, cushioning, and insulation of body

Triglycerides

Type of lipid that is the major component of cell membrane

Phospholipids

four rings of mostly hydrocarbons. Component of plasma membranes, precursor to synthesis of steroids. Steroid hormones are regulatory molecules released by certain endocrine glands. Bile salts facilitate micelle formation in the digestive tract

Steroids

cholesterol, steroid hormones, bile salts

Three types of steroids

Local acting signaling molecules associated with all body systems with primary functions in the inflammatory response of the immune system and communication within the nervous system

Eicosanoids

prostaglandins, prostacyclins, thrombosanes, leukotrienes

Four types of eicosanoids

What are the fat soluble vitamins

A,D,E,K are lipids

Contain carbon, hydrogen, and water, general formula is (CH2O)n, where n is number of carbons

carbohydrates

A carbohydrate, least complex simple sugar monomer

monosaccharide

glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribos

monosaccharide carbohydrate examples

A carbohydrate sugar formed from 2 monosaccharides

Disaccharide

sucrose, lactose, maltose

Three examples of Disaccharide

A carbohydrate sugar formed from many monosaccharides

Polysaccharide

An example of a polysaccharide

glycogen, energy storage molecule

liver and skeletal muscle bind excess glucose monomers together to form the polysaccharide glycogen

glycogenesis

Macromolecules within cells that store and transfer genetic information

nucleic acid

Three types of nucleic acids

DNA, RNA, ATP

single-ring nitrogenous bases, Cytosine, Thymine (DNA only), Uracil (RNA only)

Pyramidines

double-ring nitrogenous bases, adenine, guanine

Purines

Which nucleic acids are associated with DNA

Adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine

Which nucleic acids are associated with RNA

Adenine, uracil, guanine, cytosine

An important nucleic acid that is the central molecule for transferring energy within cells

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

ATP is composed of

nitrogenous base adenine, a ribose sugar, and three covalently linked phosphate groups

Catalyst, Defense, Transport, Support, Movement, Regulation, Storage

7 functions of proteins

enzymes for most metabolic reactions in the body

Catalyst

immunoglobins and cell surface antigens that are immune system components

Defense

circulating and membrane transporters, eg hemoglobin carring oxygen in the blood

Transport

support proteins that are major components of ligaments and tendons (eg collagen), nails, blood clots

Support

contractile proteins in muscles

Movement

osmotic proteins, hormones, and molecular chaperones that regulate physiologic functions

Regulation

metal binding and ion binding proteins that store molecules

Storage

building blocks of protein

Amino acids

How are amino acids linked

Linked covalently by peptide bonds

A strand of between 3 and 20 amino acids

Oligopeptide

A strand of between 21 and 199 amino acids

Polypeptide

A strand of more than 200 amino acids

Protein

A protein with a carbohydrate attached

Glycoprotein