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Anatomy and Physiology I > Lec Test 1 CH2 > Flashcards

Lec Test 1 CH2 Flashcards

1
Q

Any substance that has mass and occupies space

A

Define matter

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2
Q

solid, liquid, gas

A

List matter’s three forms

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3
Q

Proton, neutron, electron

A

three parts of an atom

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4
Q

positive charge, in nuclease, 1 amu

A

Proton

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5
Q

no charge, in nucleas, 1 amu

A

Neutron

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6
Q

negative charge, in valances, 0 amu

A

Electron

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7
Q

What happens when the number of protons changes in an atom

A

The type of element is changed

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8
Q

Anions composed of more than 1 atom

A

Polyatomic ions

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9
Q

atoms or groups of atoms with a positive or negative charge

A

Ion

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10
Q

Common cations in the body

A 
Sodium
 Potassium
 Calcium
 Magnesium
 Hydrogen
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11
Q

Na+, most common extracellular cation, electrical conductivity, movement of water, transport across plasma membrane

A

Sodium

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12
Q

K+, most common intracellular cation, electrical conductivity, glycogen storage in liver and muscle, pH balance

A

Potassium

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13
Q

Ca2+, hardness of bones and teeth, muscle contraction, exocytosis, clotting, hormones

A

Calcium

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14
Q

Mg2+, produce ATP

A

Magnesium

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15
Q

H+, pH

A

Hydrogen

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16
Q

Common anions in the body

A

Chloride
Bicarbonate
Phosphate

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17
Q

Cl-, neuron responsiveness, HCl in stomach, chloride in RBCs

A

Chloride

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18
Q

HCO3-, transported in blood after conversion from CO2, buffers pH in blood

A

Bicarbonate

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19
Q

PO43-, most common intracellular anion, intracellular buffer, helps harden bone and teeth, phospholipid membranes, nucleotides, ATP, DNA, RNA

A

Phosphate

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20
Q

positively charged ion

A

Cation

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21
Q

negatively charged ions

A

Anion

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22
Q

Cations and anions bound together by ionic bonds

A

ionic compounds

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23
Q

What is formed when a cation and anion bind together

A

Structures formed are salts

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24
Q

Formula that shows number and types of atoms

A

Molecular formula

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25
Q

formula that shows number, types, and arrangements within molecule

A

structural formula

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26
Q

same number of atoms together in a different shape

A

isomer

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27
Q

Sharing of electrons between molecules

A

covalent bond

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28
Q

Inner valance shell of an atom contains 2 electrons. Remaining valances contain 8 electrons, and atoms form covalent bonds to achieve 8 electrons in outer shell

A

octet rule

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29
Q

four most common elements in the human body

A

Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen

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30
Q

Example of a weak acid

A

carbonic acid

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31
Q

Example of a weak base

A

bicarbonic acid

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32
Q

Healthy pH range of blood

A

7.35-4.45

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33
Q

When substances in the solute separate in water (eg salts and ionic compounds)

A

dissociation

34
Q

When water dissociates, what two ions form

A

A hydrogen (H+) cation and a hydroxide (OH-) anion

35
Q

substance that dissociates in water to produce a H+ and an anion, increasing the concentration of H+, proton donor

36
Q

accepts H+, decreases concentration of H+, proton acceptor

37
Q

the amount of H+ a solution contains

38
Q

pH toward 0 (acid) is ____________ H+ and ____________ pH

A

increasing; decreasing

39
Q

pH toward 14 (base) is _________ H+ and ______________ pH

A

decreasing; increasing

40
Q

When a basic or acidic solution is returned to pH7

A

neutralization

41
Q

A substance in a solution that helps prevent pH changes if excess acid or base is added

42
Q

The pH is a measure of

A

H+ in a solution, 7 and 14

43
Q

What is the difference between an organic molecule and an inorganic molecule

A

Organic molecules always contain carbon

44
Q

What are the four classes of biomolecules in living systems

A

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids

45
Q

Formed from repeating monomers, only biomolecule that is not a polymer, fatty, water-insoluable, function as stored energy, components of cellular membranes, and hormones

A

general characteristics of a lipid

46
Q

type of lipid that is long term energy storage in adipose connective tissue, structural support, cushioning, and insulation of body

A

Triglycerides

47
Q

Type of lipid that is the major component of cell membrane

A

Phospholipids

48
Q

four rings of mostly hydrocarbons. Component of plasma membranes, precursor to synthesis of steroids. Steroid hormones are regulatory molecules released by certain endocrine glands. Bile salts facilitate micelle formation in the digestive tract

49
Q

cholesterol, steroid hormones, bile salts

A

Three types of steroids

50
Q

Local acting signaling molecules associated with all body systems with primary functions in the inflammatory response of the immune system and communication within the nervous system

A

Eicosanoids

51
Q

prostaglandins, prostacyclins, thrombosanes, leukotrienes

A

Four types of eicosanoids

52
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins

A

A,D,E,K are lipids

53
Q

Contain carbon, hydrogen, and water, general formula is (CH2O)n, where n is number of carbons

A

carbohydrates

54
Q

A carbohydrate, least complex simple sugar monomer

A

monosaccharide

55
Q

glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribos

A

monosaccharide carbohydrate examples

56
Q

A carbohydrate sugar formed from 2 monosaccharides

A

Disaccharide

57
Q

sucrose, lactose, maltose

A

Three examples of Disaccharide

58
Q

A carbohydrate sugar formed from many monosaccharides

A

Polysaccharide

59
Q

An example of a polysaccharide

A

glycogen, energy storage molecule

60
Q

liver and skeletal muscle bind excess glucose monomers together to form the polysaccharide glycogen

A

glycogenesis

61
Q

Macromolecules within cells that store and transfer genetic information

A

nucleic acid

62
Q

Three types of nucleic acids

A

DNA, RNA, ATP

63
Q

single-ring nitrogenous bases, Cytosine, Thymine (DNA only), Uracil (RNA only)

A

Pyramidines

64
Q

double-ring nitrogenous bases, adenine, guanine

65
Q

Which nucleic acids are associated with DNA

A

Adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine

66
Q

Which nucleic acids are associated with RNA

A

Adenine, uracil, guanine, cytosine

67
Q

An important nucleic acid that is the central molecule for transferring energy within cells

A

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

68
Q

ATP is composed of

A

nitrogenous base adenine, a ribose sugar, and three covalently linked phosphate groups

69
Q

Catalyst, Defense, Transport, Support, Movement, Regulation, Storage

A

7 functions of proteins

70
Q

enzymes for most metabolic reactions in the body

71
Q

immunoglobins and cell surface antigens that are immune system components

72
Q

circulating and membrane transporters, eg hemoglobin carring oxygen in the blood

73
Q

support proteins that are major components of ligaments and tendons (eg collagen), nails, blood clots

74
Q

contractile proteins in muscles

75
Q

osmotic proteins, hormones, and molecular chaperones that regulate physiologic functions

A

Regulation

76
Q

metal binding and ion binding proteins that store molecules

77
Q

building blocks of protein

A

Amino acids

78
Q

How are amino acids linked

A

Linked covalently by peptide bonds

79
Q

A strand of between 3 and 20 amino acids

A

Oligopeptide

80
Q

A strand of between 21 and 199 amino acids

A

Polypeptide

81
Q

A strand of more than 200 amino acids

82
Q

A protein with a carbohydrate attached

A

Glycoprotein

Anatomy and Physiology I (30 decks)

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