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Anatomy and Physiology I > LC 3-12 > Flashcards

LC 3-12 Flashcards

1
Q

Connection between nerve and another nerve, or a nerve and a muscle or gland

A

synapse

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2
Q

Two type of synapses

A

chemical and electrical

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3
Q

Type of synapse that is least common and much faster, found in eyes and brain

A

electrical synapse

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4
Q

Most common type of synapse, slower, found everywhere but portions of brain and eyes

A

chemical synapse

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5
Q

Small physical gap between neurons in chemical synapses

A

synaptic cleft/gap

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6
Q

Chemicals that carry signal across synaptic cleft/gap

A

neurotransmitters

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7
Q

Time between neurotransmitter release and detection by binding neuron

A

synaptic delay

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8
Q

Neurotransmitters recycle slower than they are used in a synapse

A

Synaptic fatigue

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9
Q

Neurons between sensory and motor neurons, process information, found only in the CNS, multipolar, 99% of neurons

A

interneurons

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10
Q

Three functional types of neurons

A

sensory, motor, and interneurons

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11
Q

Two classification of nervous system

A

structural and functional

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12
Q

Two branches of the Structural Nervous System

A

Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System

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13
Q

Portion of the Structural Nervous System composed of the brain and spinal cord

A

Central Nervous System

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14
Q

Portion of the Structural Nervous System composed of named nerves (including cranial nerves) and ganglia

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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15
Q

Groups of neuron cell bodies in the PNS

A

Ganglia

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16
Q

Two branches of Functional Nervous System

A

Sensory Nervous System and Motor Nervous System

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17
Q

Nervous system that detects, send signals to brain

A

Sensory Nervous System

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18
Q

Neurons that send signals to brain

A

Afferent neurons

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19
Q

Which nervous system is afferent

A

Sensory Nervous System

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20
Q

Which nervous system is efferent

A

Motor Nervous System

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21
Q

Two branches of the Sensory Nervous System

A

Somatic Sensory, Visceral Sensory

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22
Q

Nervous system for conscious sensory, known feelings

A

Somatic Sensory

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23
Q

Nervous system for not conscious sensory

A

Visceral Sensory

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24
Q

Nervous system that detects eg sight, hot/cold, tasting, pain

A

Somatic Sensory

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25
Q

Nervous system that detects eg blood values like calcium, glucose

A

Visceral Sensory

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26
Q

Nervous system that acts, sends signals from brain

A

Motor Nervous System

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27
Q

Neurons that send signals from brain

A

Efferent Neurons

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28
Q

Two branches of the Motor Nervous System

A

Somatic Motor, Autonomic Motor

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29
Q

Nervous system for voluntary motor

A

Somatic Motor

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30
Q

Nervous system for non-voluntary motor

A

Autonomic Motor

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31
Q

Nervous system that does eg move arms, breathing, blinking

A

Somatic Motor

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32
Q

Nervous system that does eg heart rate, mouth watering, going to bathroom, release of insulin/adrenaline, pupil dilation

A

Autonomic Motor

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33
Q

Two branches of the Autonomic Motor System

A

Sympathetic, Parasympathetic

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34
Q

Nervous system for fight or flight emergency

A

Sympathetic

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35
Q

Nervous system for rest and digest

A

Parasympathetic

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36
Q

List the general functions of the nervous system

A

Collect Information, Process and evaluate information, Initiate response to information

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37
Q

Specialized nervous system structures that monitor changes in the internal and external environment

A

receptor

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38
Q

Changes in the internal and external environment

A

stimulus

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39
Q

All three types of muscle tissue and glands that respond to the control center

A

effector

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40
Q

Nervous system composed of the brain and spinal cord

A

central nervous system

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41
Q

Nervous system composed of nerves and ganglia

A

peripheral nervous system

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42
Q

What are the two functional divisions of the nervous system

A

Sensory nervous system, motor nervous system

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43
Q

Sensory input that is consciously perceived from receptors (e.g., eyes, ears, and skin)

A

somatic sensory

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44
Q

Sensory input that is not consciously perceived from receptors of blood vessels and internal organs (e.g., heart)

A

Visceral sensory

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45
Q

Motor output that is consciously or voluntarily controlled; effector is skeletal muscle

A

somatic motor

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46
Q

Motor output that is not consciously or is involuntarily controlled; effectors are cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands

A

Autonomic motor

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47
Q

What are the five distinguishing features common to all neurons

A

excitability, conductivity, secretion, extreme longevity, amitotic

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48
Q

This is responsiveness to a stimulus (e.g., chemical, stretch, pressure change). The stimulus causes a local change in the resting membrane potential in the excitable cell. Local electrical changes are called graded potentials.

A

Excitability

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49
Q

This involves an electrical change that is quickly propagated along the plasma membrane as voltage-gated channels open sequentially during an action potential.

A

Conductivity

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50
Q

Neurons release neurotransmitters in response to conductive activity. Neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles and when released may have either an excitatory or an inhibitory effect on their target structures (other neurons or effectors).

A

Secretion

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51
Q

What are the two types of synapses

A

electrical and chemical

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52
Q

Type of synapse where presynaptic neuron and a postsynaptic neuron physically bound together. Gap junctions are present in the plasma membranes of both neurons and facilitate the flow of ions between the cells

A

Electrical Synapse

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53
Q

Type of synapse composed of a presynaptic neuron, which is the signal producer, and a postsynaptic neuron, which is the signal receiver or target. The two neurons are separated by an extremely narrow fluid-filled gap (of about 30 nanometers) called the synaptic cleft.

A

Chemical Synapse

54
Q

The time between the neurotransmitter release from the presynaptic cell, its diffusion across the synaptic cleft, and neurotransmitter binding to receptors in the postsynaptic plasma membrane. This delay is usually between 0.3 and 0.5 milliseconds.

A

synaptic delay

55
Q

What are the components of the chemical synapse

A

presynaptic neuron, postsynaptic neuron, synaptic cleft

56
Q

The signal producer in a chemical synapse

A

presynaptic neuron

57
Q

The signal receiver in a chemical synapse

A

postsynaptic neuron

58
Q

An extremely narrow fluid-filled gap (of about 30 nanometers) in a chemical synapse

A

synaptic cleft

59
Q

What is the plasma membrane of a neuron called

A

neurollema

60
Q

What two types of pumps are found in the plasma membrane

A

Na+/K+ pumps and Ca2+ pumps

61
Q

What are the types of channels found in the plasma membrane

A

Leak channels, Chemically-gated channels, Voltage-gated Channel

62
Q

Type of plasma membrane channel that is always open

A

Leak channels

63
Q

Type of plasma membrane channel that is normally closed, open in response to binding of neurotransmitter

A

Chemically-gated channels

64
Q

Type of plasma membrane channel that is normally closed, open in response to electrical charge across membrane

A

Voltage-gated Channel

65
Q

What are the three states of voltage-gated Na+ channels

A

Resting state, Activation State, Inactivation state

66
Q

What are the functional segments in a neuron

A

Receptive Segment, Initial Segment, Conductive Segment, Transmissive Segment

67
Q

Where are the chemical gated channels located on a neuron

A

in the receptive segment

68
Q

Where are the voltage-gated channels located on a neuron

A

in the initial segment

69
Q

Where are the leak channels located on a neuron

A

throughout the entire plasma membrane

70
Q

What ions are more prevalent in the interstitial fluid? In the cytosol?

A

Cl- and Na+ are

71
Q

What is the net electrochemical gradient movement of K+

A

Potassium moves out of the cell

72
Q

What is the net electrochemical gradient movement of Na+

A

Sodium moves into the cell

73
Q

The relatively negatively charged cytosol in comparison to the interstitial fluid outside the cell is called

A

membrane potential

74
Q

A response which affects the neuron internally but may not lead to the conduction of the overall stimulation due to not meeting the threshold level

A

Local potential

75
Q

Changes in membrane potential that vary in size, as opposed to being all-or-none

A

Graded potential

76
Q

A triggering event occurs that depolarizes the cell body

A

Action potential

77
Q

The amount of difference in electrical charge between two areas that represents potential energy

A

voltage

78
Q

How is voltage measured

A

volts or millivolts (mV)

79
Q

The movement of charged particles across the barrier that separates the charge difference

A

current

80
Q

Membrane potential when the neuron is at rest

A

resting membrane potential

81
Q

Critical level to which a membrane potential must be depolarized to initiate an action potential

A

threshold

82
Q

Any change in voltage below the threshold value is not sufficient to open voltage-gated channels

A

Subthreshold

83
Q

What is the role of Na+/K+ Pumps

A

Repolarize the neuron

84
Q

The gain of positive charge within a neuron that occurs to such an extent to change the plasma membrane potential from negative to positive

A

depolarization

85
Q

Return of polarity from positive back to negative (the RMP). _______ is due to the opening of voltage-gated K+ channels and the subsequent movement of K+ out of the cell

A

repolarization

86
Q

The change in the membrane potential in the negative direction (e.g., −70 mV to −71 mV), which is caused by the opening of either chemically gated K+ channels to allow K+ to exit the neuron or chemically gated C1− channels for C1− to enter the neuron

A

hyperpolarization

87
Q

Voltage change approaches threshold making an AP more likely, depolarization, usually the result of opening a Na+ channel

A

excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

88
Q

Voltage change away from threshold making AP less likely, hyperpolarization, making it more negative, usually a result of Cl- or K+ gates

A

inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

89
Q

Determines whether or not an action potential will be triggered by the combined effects of excitatory and inhibitory signals, both from multiple simultaneous inputs and from repeated inputs

A

summation

90
Q

Type of summation involving multiple simultaneous inputs from different neurons

A

spatial summation

91
Q

Type of summation involving repeated inputs from the same neuron

A

temporal summation

92
Q

Two factors that influence propagation

A

diameter of axon (faster) and myelination of an axon (faster)

93
Q

The law that states that when threshold is reached, the action potential is completely initiated; if threshold is not reached, the action potential is not initiated at all

A

All-or-None law

94
Q

What is the sequence of physiological events in conduction of a nerve signal

A

(1) In Receptive Segment, either EPSP or IPSP occurs, (2) In Initial Segment, temporal or spatial summation of EPSP/IPSP determines if threshold is reached, (3) In Conductive Segment, depolarization/repolarization starts action potential and action potential is propagated, (4) In Transmissive Segment, arrival of action potential triggers release of neurotransmitter

95
Q

Starts when neuron hits threshold and goes until neuron hits resting, will not respond to another signal during this period

A

absolute refractory period

96
Q

Requires greater stimulation, action potential is possible if strength of stimulus is strong enough

A

relative refractory period

97
Q

What physiological events occur at the synaptic knob with the arrival of an action potential

A

(1) voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open, (2) Ca2+ enters synaptic knob, (3) Ca2+ triggers release of neurotransmitters from synaptic vesicles by exocytosis

98
Q

What factors influence the velocity of a nerve signal

A

diameter of axon (faster) and myelination of an axon (faster)

99
Q

What are the 4 categories of neurotransmitter

A

Acetylcholine, biogenic amines, amino acids, neuropeptides

100
Q

The primary neurotransmitter for moving muscles (occurs at neuromuscular junctions)

A

acetylcholine

101
Q

Neurotransmitter that produces inhibitory activity in the brain; important roles in cognition (learning and memory) motivation, behavior, and mood

A

dopamine

102
Q

Excites activity in nervous system to promote cognitive function in the brain (learning and memory); most common neurotransmitter in the brain; stroke causes excessive release resulting in neuron death

A

glutamate

103
Q

Has various effects in the thalamus, hypothalamus, and spinal cord

A

epinephrine do

104
Q

A chemical released from cell that locally regulate or alter response of neurons to neurotransmitters

A

neuromodulator

105
Q

What breaks down acetylcholine

A

Acetylcholinesterase

106
Q

Has various functions in the brain related to sleep, appetite, cognition (learning, memory), and mood; fluoxetine (Prozac) decreases reuptake; ecstasy increases the release; LSD binds to most ______ receptors

A

serotonin

107
Q

Period of time after action potential initiated during which nothing can make nerve fire again

A

refractory period

108
Q

Period of time during repolarization in which nerve cannot fire under any circumstances until K+ and Na+ return to their appropriate places

A

absolute refractory period

109
Q

Period of time during hyperpolarization which the nerve can fire but it requires more mV to reach threshold

A

relative refractory period

110
Q

Brief period of time (hyperpolarization) which makes it harder to reach threshold

A

inhibitory post synaptic potential (IPSP)

111
Q

Temporary depolarization which makes it easier to reach threshold

A

excitatory post synaptic potential (EPSP)

112
Q

What effects IPSPs and EPSPs significantly

A

Potassium K+

113
Q

How does the neuron create potassium imbalance

A

chemically-gated potassium channels

114
Q

Adding together graded potentials to reach threshold

A

summation

115
Q

Type of summation in which same receptor releases neurotransmitter multiple times

A

Temporal summation (Stewie)

116
Q

Type of summation in which multiple neurons release neurotransmitter all at once

A

spatial summation (19 and counting)

117
Q

Type of conduction that happens along unmyelinated neurons and electrical charge must run entire length of axon

A

Continuous conduction

118
Q

Type of conduction that happens in myelinated axons, in which electrical charge “jumps” from node of Ranvier to node of Ranvier caused by Na+ rushing into node of Ranvier

A

saltatory conduction

119
Q

Unmyelinated “gaps” in a myelinated axon

A

node of Ranvier

120
Q

Four classes of neurotransmitters

A

acetylcholine, amino acids, monoamines, neuropeptides

121
Q

Type of neurotransmitter that is used for all skeletal muscle contractions

A

acetylcholine

122
Q

Term describing any receptor site that uses acetylcholine

A

cholinergic

123
Q

Amino acid neurotransmitter that tends to be excitatory, found in foods

A

Glutamate

124
Q

Amino acid neurotransmitter that can make people crazy

A

GABA

125
Q

Monoamine neurotransmitter involved with sleep, memory, mood, digestion, more for normal cycles of things

A

Serotonin

126
Q

Serotonin precursor found in poultry

A

tryptophan

127
Q

Monoamine neurotransmitter that effects mood, sleep, memory, released in response to more abnormal things

A

dopamine

128
Q

Monoamine neurotransmitter released from adrenal glands

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

129
Q

Neuropeptide neurotransmitter that transmits pain signals

A

Substance P

130
Q

Neuropeptide neurotransmitter that has inhibitory effect on brain and spinal cord

A

Adenosine

131
Q

Neuropeptide neurotransmitter that deals with smooth muscle and effects blood vessel

A

Nitric oxide

Anatomy and Physiology I (30 decks)

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