LC 3-12 Flashcards
1
Q
Connection between nerve and another nerve, or a nerve and a muscle or gland
A
synapse
2
Q
Two type of synapses
A
chemical and electrical
3
Q
Type of synapse that is least common and much faster, found in eyes and brain
A
electrical synapse
4
Q
Most common type of synapse, slower, found everywhere but portions of brain and eyes
A
chemical synapse
5
Q
Small physical gap between neurons in chemical synapses
A
synaptic cleft/gap
6
Q
Chemicals that carry signal across synaptic cleft/gap
A
neurotransmitters
7
Q
Time between neurotransmitter release and detection by binding neuron
A
synaptic delay
8
Q
Neurotransmitters recycle slower than they are used in a synapse
A
Synaptic fatigue
9
Q
Neurons between sensory and motor neurons, process information, found only in the CNS, multipolar, 99% of neurons
A
interneurons
10
Q
Three functional types of neurons
A
sensory, motor, and interneurons
11
Q
Two classification of nervous system
A
structural and functional
12
Q
Two branches of the Structural Nervous System
A
Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System
13
Q
Portion of the Structural Nervous System composed of the brain and spinal cord
A
Central Nervous System
14
Q
Portion of the Structural Nervous System composed of named nerves (including cranial nerves) and ganglia
A
Peripheral Nervous System
15
Q
Groups of neuron cell bodies in the PNS
A
Ganglia
16
Q
Two branches of Functional Nervous System
A
Sensory Nervous System and Motor Nervous System
17
Q
Nervous system that detects, send signals to brain
A
Sensory Nervous System
18
Q
Neurons that send signals to brain
A
Afferent neurons
19
Q
Which nervous system is afferent
A
Sensory Nervous System
20
Q
Which nervous system is efferent
A
Motor Nervous System
21
Q
Two branches of the Sensory Nervous System
A
Somatic Sensory, Visceral Sensory
22
Q
Nervous system for conscious sensory, known feelings
A
Somatic Sensory
23
Q
Nervous system for not conscious sensory
A
Visceral Sensory
24
Q
Nervous system that detects eg sight, hot/cold, tasting, pain
A
Somatic Sensory
25
Nervous system that detects eg blood values like calcium, glucose
Visceral Sensory
26
Nervous system that acts, sends signals *from* brain
Motor Nervous System
27
Neurons that send signals *from* brain
Efferent Neurons
28
Two branches of the Motor Nervous System
Somatic Motor, Autonomic Motor
29
Nervous system for voluntary motor
Somatic Motor
30
Nervous system for non-voluntary motor
Autonomic Motor
31
Nervous system that does eg move arms, breathing, blinking
Somatic Motor
32
Nervous system that does eg heart rate, mouth watering, going to bathroom, release of insulin/adrenaline, pupil dilation
Autonomic Motor
33
Two branches of the Autonomic Motor System
Sympathetic, Parasympathetic
34
Nervous system for fight or flight emergency
Sympathetic
35
Nervous system for rest and digest
Parasympathetic
36
List the general functions of the nervous system
Collect Information, Process and evaluate information, Initiate response to information
37
Specialized nervous system structures that monitor changes in the internal and external environment
receptor
38
Changes in the internal and external environment
stimulus
39
All three types of muscle tissue and glands that respond to the control center
effector
40
Nervous system composed of the brain and spinal cord
central nervous system
41
Nervous system composed of nerves and ganglia
peripheral nervous system
42
What are the two functional divisions of the nervous system
Sensory nervous system, motor nervous system
43
Sensory input that is consciously perceived from receptors (e.g., eyes, ears, and skin)
somatic sensory
44
Sensory input that is not consciously perceived from receptors of blood vessels and internal organs (e.g., heart)
Visceral sensory
45
Motor output that is consciously or voluntarily controlled; effector is skeletal muscle
somatic motor
46
Motor output that is not consciously or is involuntarily controlled; effectors are cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands
Autonomic motor
47
What are the five distinguishing features common to all neurons
excitability, conductivity, secretion, extreme longevity, amitotic
48
This is responsiveness to a stimulus (e.g., chemical, stretch, pressure change). The stimulus causes a local change in the resting membrane potential in the excitable cell. Local electrical changes are called graded potentials.
Excitability
49
This involves an electrical change that is quickly propagated along the plasma membrane as voltage-gated channels open sequentially during an action potential.
Conductivity
50
Neurons release neurotransmitters in response to conductive activity. Neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles and when released may have either an excitatory or an inhibitory effect on their target structures (other neurons or effectors).
Secretion
51
What are the two types of synapses
electrical and chemical
52
Type of synapse where presynaptic neuron and a postsynaptic neuron physically bound together. Gap junctions are present in the plasma membranes of both neurons and facilitate the flow of ions between the cells
Electrical Synapse
53
Type of synapse composed of a presynaptic neuron, which is the signal producer, and a postsynaptic neuron, which is the signal receiver or target. The two neurons are separated by an extremely narrow fluid-filled gap (of about 30 nanometers) called the synaptic cleft.
Chemical Synapse
54
The time between the neurotransmitter release from the presynaptic cell, its diffusion across the synaptic cleft, and neurotransmitter binding to receptors in the postsynaptic plasma membrane. This delay is usually between 0.3 and 0.5 milliseconds.
synaptic delay
55
What are the components of the chemical synapse
presynaptic neuron, postsynaptic neuron, synaptic cleft
56
The signal producer in a chemical synapse
presynaptic neuron
57
The signal receiver in a chemical synapse
postsynaptic neuron
58
An extremely narrow fluid-filled gap (of about 30 nanometers) in a chemical synapse
synaptic cleft
59
What is the plasma membrane of a neuron called
neurollema
60
What two types of pumps are found in the plasma membrane
Na+/K+ pumps and Ca2+ pumps
61
What are the types of channels found in the plasma membrane
Leak channels, Chemically-gated channels, Voltage-gated Channel
62
Type of plasma membrane channel that is always open
Leak channels
63
Type of plasma membrane channel that is normally closed, open in response to binding of neurotransmitter
Chemically-gated channels
64
Type of plasma membrane channel that is normally closed, open in response to electrical charge across membrane
Voltage-gated Channel
65
What are the three states of voltage-gated Na+ channels
Resting state, Activation State, Inactivation state
66
What are the functional segments in a neuron
Receptive Segment, Initial Segment, Conductive Segment, Transmissive Segment
67
Where are the chemical gated channels located on a neuron
in the receptive segment
68
Where are the voltage-gated channels located on a neuron
in the initial segment
69
Where are the leak channels located on a neuron
throughout the entire plasma membrane
70
What ions are more prevalent in the interstitial fluid? In the cytosol?
Cl- and Na+ are
71
What is the net electrochemical gradient movement of K+
Potassium moves *out* of the cell
72
What is the net electrochemical gradient movement of Na+
Sodium moves *into* the cell
73
The relatively negatively charged cytosol in comparison to the interstitial fluid outside the cell is called
membrane potential
74
A response which affects the neuron internally but may not lead to the conduction of the overall stimulation due to not meeting the threshold level
Local potential
75
Changes in membrane potential that vary in size, as opposed to being all-or-none
Graded potential
76
A triggering event occurs that depolarizes the cell body
Action potential
77
The amount of difference in electrical charge between two areas that represents potential energy
voltage
78
How is voltage measured
volts or millivolts (mV)
79
The movement of charged particles across the barrier that separates the charge difference
current
80
Membrane potential when the neuron is at rest
resting membrane potential
81
Critical level to which a membrane potential must be depolarized to initiate an action potential
threshold
82
Any change in voltage below the threshold value is not sufficient to open voltage-gated channels
Subthreshold
83
What is the role of Na+/K+ Pumps
Repolarize the neuron
84
The gain of positive charge within a neuron that occurs to such an extent to change the plasma membrane potential from negative to positive
depolarization
85
Return of polarity from positive back to negative (the RMP). _______ is due to the opening of voltage-gated K+ channels and the subsequent movement of K+ out of the cell
repolarization
86
The change in the membrane potential in the negative direction (e.g., −70 mV to −71 mV), which is caused by the opening of either chemically gated K+ channels to allow K+ to exit the neuron or chemically gated C1− channels for C1− to enter the neuron
hyperpolarization
87
Voltage change approaches threshold making an AP more likely, depolarization, usually the result of opening a Na+ channel
excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
88
Voltage change away from threshold making AP less likely, hyperpolarization, making it more negative, usually a result of Cl- or K+ gates
inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
89
Determines whether or not an action potential will be triggered by the combined effects of excitatory and inhibitory signals, both from multiple simultaneous inputs and from repeated inputs
summation
90
Type of summation involving multiple simultaneous inputs from different neurons
spatial summation
91
Type of summation involving repeated inputs from the same neuron
temporal summation
92
Two factors that influence propagation
diameter of axon (faster) and myelination of an axon (faster)
93
The law that states that when threshold is reached, the action potential is completely initiated; if threshold is not reached, the action potential is not initiated at all
All-or-None law
94
What is the sequence of physiological events in conduction of a nerve signal
(1) In Receptive Segment, either EPSP or IPSP occurs, (2) In Initial Segment, temporal or spatial summation of EPSP/IPSP determines if threshold is reached, (3) In Conductive Segment, depolarization/repolarization starts action potential and action potential is propagated, (4) In Transmissive Segment, arrival of action potential triggers release of neurotransmitter
95
Starts when neuron hits threshold and goes until neuron hits resting, will not respond to another signal during this period
absolute refractory period
96
Requires greater stimulation, action potential is possible if strength of stimulus is strong enough
relative refractory period
97
What physiological events occur at the synaptic knob with the arrival of an action potential
(1) voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open, (2) Ca2+ enters synaptic knob, (3) Ca2+ triggers release of neurotransmitters from synaptic vesicles by exocytosis
98
What factors influence the velocity of a nerve signal
diameter of axon (faster) and myelination of an axon (faster)
99
What are the 4 categories of neurotransmitter
Acetylcholine, biogenic amines, amino acids, neuropeptides
100
The primary neurotransmitter for moving muscles (occurs at neuromuscular junctions)
acetylcholine
101
Neurotransmitter that produces inhibitory activity in the brain; important roles in cognition (learning and memory) motivation, behavior, and mood
dopamine
102
Excites activity in nervous system to promote cognitive function in the brain (learning and memory); most common neurotransmitter in the brain; stroke causes excessive release resulting in neuron death
glutamate
103
Has various effects in the thalamus, hypothalamus, and spinal cord
epinephrine do
104
A chemical released from cell that locally regulate or alter response of neurons to neurotransmitters
neuromodulator
105
What breaks down acetylcholine
Acetylcholinesterase
106
Has various functions in the brain related to sleep, appetite, cognition (learning, memory), and mood; fluoxetine (Prozac) decreases reuptake; ecstasy increases the release; LSD binds to most ______ receptors
serotonin
107
Period of time after action potential initiated during which nothing can make nerve fire again
refractory period
108
Period of time during repolarization in which nerve cannot fire under any circumstances until K+ and Na+ return to their appropriate places
absolute refractory period
109
Period of time during hyperpolarization which the nerve can fire but it requires more mV to reach threshold
relative refractory period
110
Brief period of time (hyperpolarization) which makes it harder to reach threshold
inhibitory post synaptic potential (IPSP)
111
Temporary depolarization which makes it easier to reach threshold
excitatory post synaptic potential (EPSP)
112
What effects IPSPs and EPSPs significantly
Potassium K+
113
How does the neuron create potassium imbalance
chemically-gated potassium channels
114
Adding together graded potentials to reach threshold
summation
115
Type of summation in which same receptor releases neurotransmitter multiple times
Temporal summation (Stewie)
116
Type of summation in which multiple neurons release neurotransmitter all at once
spatial summation (19 and counting)
117
Type of conduction that happens along unmyelinated neurons and electrical charge must run entire length of axon
Continuous conduction
118
Type of conduction that happens in myelinated axons, in which electrical charge “jumps” from node of Ranvier to node of Ranvier caused by Na+ rushing into node of Ranvier
saltatory conduction
119
Unmyelinated “gaps” in a myelinated axon
node of Ranvier
120
Four classes of neurotransmitters
acetylcholine, amino acids, monoamines, neuropeptides
121
Type of neurotransmitter that is used for all skeletal muscle contractions
acetylcholine
122
Term describing any receptor site that uses acetylcholine
cholinergic
123
Amino acid neurotransmitter that tends to be excitatory, found in foods
Glutamate
124
Amino acid neurotransmitter that can make people crazy
GABA
125
Monoamine neurotransmitter involved with sleep, memory, mood, digestion, more for normal cycles of things
Serotonin
126
Serotonin precursor found in poultry
tryptophan
127
Monoamine neurotransmitter that effects mood, sleep, memory, released in response to more abnormal things
dopamine
128
Monoamine neurotransmitter released from adrenal glands
epinephrine and norepinephrine
129
Neuropeptide neurotransmitter that transmits pain signals
Substance P
130
Neuropeptide neurotransmitter that has inhibitory effect on brain and spinal cord
Adenosine
131
Neuropeptide neurotransmitter that deals with smooth muscle and effects blood vessel
Nitric oxide
