LC 4-13 Flashcards
What are the differences between the right and left cerebral hemispheres with respect to their general functions
considerable overlap between hemispheres, receive sensory information from and project motor information to opposite sides of the body, some cerebral lateralization (functional differences between sides)
White matter tract that connects the left and right hemispheres and provides the main method of communication between the hemispheres
corpus callosum
Lobe primarily concerned with voluntary motor functions, concentration, verbal communication, decision making, planning, and personality
Frontal
Lobe involved with general sensory functions, such as evaluating the shape and texture of objects being touched
Parietal
Lobe involved with hearing and smell
Temporal
Lobe responsible for processing incoming visual information and storing visual memories
Occipital
Lobe involved with memory and interpretation of taste
Insula
Motor area located within the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe, controls voluntary skeletal muscle activity
Primary motor cortex
Motor area also called Broca’s area, located in the left frontal lobe in most individuals, responsible for regulating the patterns of breathing and controlling the muscular movements necessary for vocalization
Motor speech area
Motor area on the superior surface of the middle frontal gyrus, anterior to the premotor cortex in the frontal lobe, controls and regulates the eye movements needed for reading and coordinating binocular vision
Frontal eye field
Sensory area housed within the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobes, receive general somatic sensory information from the skin regarding touch, pressure, pain, and temperature receptors, as well as sensory input from proprioceptors from the joints and muscles regarding the conscious interpretation of body position
Primary somatosensory cortex
Sensory area located within the occipital lobe, receives and processes incoming visual information
Primary visual cortex
Sensory area located within the temporal lobe, receives and processes auditory information
Primary auditory cortex
Sensory area located within the temporal lobe, provides conscious awareness of smells
Primary olfactory cortex
Sensory area within the insula and involved in processing taste information
Primary gustatory cortex
Association area located within the frontal lobe immediately anterior to the precentral gyrus, responsible for coordinating learned, skilled motor activities, such as moving the eyes in a coordinated fashion when reading a book or playing the piano
Premotor cortex (somatic motor association area)
Association area located within the parietal lobe, lies immediately posterior to the primary somatosensory cortex, integrates sensory information and interprets sensations to determine the texture, temperature, pressure, and shape of objects
Somatosensory association area
Association area located within the occipital lobe, surrounds the primary visual area, enables us to process visual information by analyzing color, movement, and form, and to use this information to identify the things we see
Visual association area
Association area located within the temporal lobe, posteroinferior to the primary auditory cortex, interprets the characteristics of sound and stores memories of sounds heard in the past
Auditory association area
Association area located only within the left hemisphere, involved in recognizing, understanding, and comprehending spoken or written language
Wernicke area
Association area composed of regions of the parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes, integrates all somatosensory, visual, and auditory information being processed by the association areas within these lobes, provides comprehensive understanding of a current activity
Gnostic area
Refers to the fact that the two halves of the human brain are not exactly alike
cerebral lateralization
Brain hemisphere that does art, imagination, visual-spatial, controls left side of body and right visual field
Right hemisphere
Brain hemisphere that does reasoning, analysis, language, math, controls right side of body and left visual field
left hemisphere
Part of the epithalamus, an endocrine gland that secretes melatonin and regulates circadian rhythm
Pineal gland
Part of the epithalamus, relays signals from the limbic system to the midbrain and is involved in visceral and emotional responses to odors
Habenular nuclei
How is the circadian rhythm regulated
Melatonin secreted by the pineal gland
Paired oval massed of gray matter that lie on either side of the third ventricle, relay point for incoming sensory information that is processed and then projected to the appropriate lobe of the cerebral cortex, eg filters out the sounds and sights in a busy dorm cafeteria when you are trying to study
thalamus
Brain area with master control of autonomic nervous system, master control of endocrine system, regulation of body temperature, control of emotional nehavior, control of food intake, control of water intake, and regulation of circadian rhythms
hypothalamus.
Consists of bilaterally symmetrical nuclei within the midbrain, produces dopamine to control movement, emotional response, and ability to experience pleasure and pain
Substantia nigra
Posterior region of the mid-brain dorsal to the cerebral aqueduct, relay station for processing visual and auditory sensations
Tectum
Called visual reflex centers, help visually track moving objects and control reflexes such as turning the eyes and heat in response to a stimulus
superior colliculi
Called auditory reflex centers, control reflexive turning of the head and eyes in the direction of a sound
inferior colliculi
Structure in the pons that regulated skeletal muscles of breathing
pontine respiratory center
Three autonomic centers of the medulla
cardiac center, vasomotor center, medullary respiratory center
Center of the medulla that regulates heart rate and strength of contraction
cardiac center
Center of the medulla that control blood pressure by regulating the contraction of smooth muscle in the walls of the arteries
vasomotor center
Center of the medulla that regulates respiratory rate
medullary respiratory center
Second largest part of the brain, produces fine motor control, stores memories of movement patters, eg scales on a piano
cerebellum
Composed of multiple cerebral and diencephalic structures that process and experience emotions
limbic system
Part of the limbic system that surrounds diencephalon, receives input from other parts of the limbic system
Cingulate gyrus
Part of the limbic system that is a mass of cerebral cortical tissue in the temporal lobe, functions associated with the hippocampus
Parahippocampal gyrus
Part of the limbic system that connects the diencephalon via the fornix, essential in storing memories and forming long-term memory
Hippocampus
Part of the limbic system that connects to the hippocampus, involved in emotions especially fear, stores and codes memories based upon how a person feels about them
Amygdaloid body
Parts of the limbic system that creates experiences of how particular odors can provoke certain emotions or be associated with certain memories
Olfactory bulbs, olfactory tracts, and olfactory cortex
Part of the limbic system that is a thin tract of white matter connecting the hippocampus with other diencephalon limbic structures
Fornix
Parts of the limbic system that interconnect other parts of the limbic system and contribute to its overall function
Anterior thalamic nuclei, habenular nuclei, septal nuclei, and mammillary bodies
Part of the projecting vertically through the core of the modbrain, pons, and medulla; loosely organized mass of gray matter, responsible for regulating muscle tone, alerting cerebrum to incoming sensory information
reticular formation
Sensory component of reticular formation, processes visual, auditory, and touch stimuli to keep up in a state of mental alertness
reticular activating system (RAS)
Identify the brain areas in which cognition occurs
cortex of the cerebrum
Memory that follows sensory memory, limited capacity (7 segments of information), brief duration (seconds to hours)
short term memory
Short term memory that is adequately repeated and processed, may exist for limitless period of time
long-term memory
Part of the brain required for formation of short-term memory
hippocampus
Part of the brain required for formation of long-term memory
cerebral cortex
Process of memory consolidation where STM is organized and stored as LTM in the association areas of the cerebral cortex
encoding
Name the two regions of the limbic system involved in the conversion of short-term memories to long-term memories
hippocampus and amygdaloid body
Explain the interactions of the prefrontal cortex and the limbic system in expression of emotions
interpreted by limbic system and controlled by prefrontal cortex
Higher order functions, decision making, higher order thought
cerebrum
Left and right portions of the brain
cerebral hemispheres
Division between left and right cerebral hemisphere
longitudinal fissure
Connection point between left and right hemisphere
corpus callosum
Describe right/left brain and body control
Right side of brain controls left side of body and left side of brain controls right side of body
Describe right/left brain and face control
Right side of brain controls right side of face, left side of brain controls left side of face
Term describing that certain functions are pushed to one side of brain or other
Cerebral lateralization
Speech for most people is usually in what hemisphere
left hemisphere
Five lobes of cerebrum
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, insula
Love for motor functions, concentration and speech, decision-making, planning, and personality
Frontal lobe
Lobe for general sensory, temperature, touch, skin sensation, pain, shape, texture
Parietal lobe
Lobe for hearing and smell
Temporal lobe
Lobe for processing vision and storing visual memories
Occipital lobe
Lobe for interpretation of taste, memory of taste, deep to lateral sulcus, can be observed laterally by pulling aside temporal lobe
Insula
Small shallow depression separating frontal and parietal lobe
central sulcus
Raised area anterior to the central sulcus, part of the frontal lobe, handles voluntary motor
precentral gyrus
Functional name for the precentral gyrus, handles voluntary motor
primary motor cortex
Raised area posterior to the central sulcus, handles general body sensation
postcentral gyrus
Functional name for the postcentral gyrus, main area that handles general body sensation
Primary Somatosensory Cortex
Motor speech area, makes words, in the left side of the brain in most people
Broca’s area
Located in the occipital lobe, receives and processes incoming visual information
Primary visual cortex
Sensory area located within the temporal lobe, receives and processes auditory information
Primary auditory cortex
Sensory area located within the temporal lobe, provides conscious awareness of smells
Primary olfactory cortex
Located in the insula, involved with processing taste information
Primary gustatory cortex
Association area for primary motor cortex, in the frontal lobe, responsible for coordinating skilled motor activities
Premotor cortex
Association area located in left hemisphere, for comprehension and understanding of spoken and written language, surrounds Broca’s area
Wernicke’s area
Association area composed of regions of the parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes, integrates information, creates comprehensive understanding of the current activity
Gnostic area
Hemisphere that has Wernicke’s area, brocas’s area, gnostic area, handles speech, language, sense of being, reason, sequencing, and analysis
Categorical hemisphere
Categorical hemisphere is usually left or right
left
Hemisphere that is involved with visual-spatial relationships, artistic skill, imagination
Representational hemisphere
Representational hemisphere is typically left or right
right
Type of amnesia where you forget everything prior to the trauma
Retrograde amnesia
Type of amnesia in which you can’t make any new memories
Anterograde amnesia
Neurological disorder “lightening storm” in the brain, neurons transmitting too frequently and rapidly
epilepsy
Full stroke, reduces blood supply to brain, headaches, blurred vision, dizziness, nausea, walking difficulty
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)
Temporary stroke, symptoms last less than 24 hours
Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)
Adult brain structure that grows from the prosencephalon made of epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus
diencephalon
Two main parts of epithalamus
pineal gland, habenular nuclei
Endocrine gland that secretes melatonin, regulates circadian rhythm
pineal gland
Chemical that helps you go to sleep, regulates circadian rhythm
melatonin
Relays signals from limbic system to midbrain, involved in visceral and emotional responses to odors
habenular nuclei
Principle and final relay and filtering center for incoming sensory information; relays signal to primary somatosensory cortex
thalamus
Anteroinferior region of diencephalon, master control of endocrine system, master control of autonomic nervous system, regulates body temperature, influences emotional behavior, control of food and water intake, regulates circadian rhythms, part of the limbic system
hypothalamus
Thin stalk extending inferiorly from hypothalamus, attaches hypothalamus to pituitary gland
infundibulum
Emotional control center in the brain, contains hypothalamus
limbic system
Disorder that is a very severe headache, generally one side of headache, not a true brain disorder, primaryily due to blood vessels and muscles
migraines
Group of neuromuscular disorder, results from damage to infant brain during birth, impairs skeletal muscle and mental functions
cerebral palsy
Acute inflammatory disease of the brain, can be due to a virus or bacteria, drowsiness, fever, headache, coma, and death, characterized by tension tremors
encephalitis
Hereditary disease affecting vertebral nuclei, involuntary movements, intellectual deterioration, fatal within 10-20 years
Huntington’s chorea
Usually but not always a hereditary disease, characterized by resting tremors, caused by decreased dopamine production in substantia nigra
Parkinson disease
Bilaterally symmetrical nuclei, houses neurons that produces dopamine, related to Parkinson’s
substantia nigra
Control visual reflexes and tracking, eg turning head in response to visual stimulus
Superior colliculi
Suditory reflexes
Inferior colluculi
Transverse axons connecting pons to cerebellum
Middle cerebellar peduncles
Helps regulate skeletal muscles of breathing, alters breathing, does not set base breathing
pontine respiratory center
Sets basic functions, breathing, heart rate
medulla oblongata
Regulates heart rate and strength of contraction
cardiac center
Controls blood pressure, alters diameters of arterioles
vasomotor center
Regulates respiratory rate, sets base breathing rate, pontine respiratory center alters baseline set by ____________
medullary respiratory center
Coughing, sneezing, salivation, swallowing, gagging, vomiting are controlled by what
additional functions of Autonomic nuclei of medulla
Brain structure that helps with fine motor control
cerebellum
System composed of parts of the cerebral and diencephalic structures, helps with emotional control
limbic system
Structures of the Limbic system that help with emotional control
cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, hippocampus, amygdaloid body, olfactory bulbs, olfactory tracts, olfactory cortex
Part of the limbic system that connects hippocampus with other limbic structures, thin tract of white matter
fornix
Part of the brainstem that handles level of consciousness, affects motor control
reticular formation
Part of the reticular formation that uses information to keep us alert, not active during sleep, wakes us up in response to stimuli
Reticular activation system
State that is awareness of sensation and voluntary motor activities, involves stimulation of large areas of the cortex, exists on a continuum from alertness to sleep
consciousness
Higher order functions like learning and memory are handled by what
cerebrum
Primary method of learning
memory
Disease that begins with loss of creating new long term memories, slow progressive loss of higher intellectual function, eventual loss of memory and personality, leading cause of dementia
Alzheimer’s disease
Alcohol effects on brain
parietal lobe- depresses somatosensory function; occipital lobe- blurred vision; temporal lobe- hearing; Brocca’s area- speech slurred; primary motor cortex- trouble walking; prefrontal cortex- bad decisions; limbic system- angry/crying drunk (emotions); cerebellum- balance, fine motor control; midbrain- auditory and visual reflexes; pons- slows breathing and heart rate
