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Anatomy and Physiology I > LC 4-13 > Flashcards

LC 4-13 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the differences between the right and left cerebral hemispheres with respect to their general functions

A

considerable overlap between hemispheres, receive sensory information from and project motor information to opposite sides of the body, some cerebral lateralization (functional differences between sides)

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2
Q

White matter tract that connects the left and right hemispheres and provides the main method of communication between the hemispheres

A

corpus callosum

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3
Q

Lobe primarily concerned with voluntary motor functions, concentration, verbal communication, decision making, planning, and personality

A

Frontal

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4
Q

Lobe involved with general sensory functions, such as evaluating the shape and texture of objects being touched

A

Parietal

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5
Q

Lobe involved with hearing and smell

A

Temporal

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6
Q

Lobe responsible for processing incoming visual information and storing visual memories

A

Occipital

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7
Q

Lobe involved with memory and interpretation of taste

A

Insula

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8
Q

Motor area located within the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe, controls voluntary skeletal muscle activity

A

Primary motor cortex

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9
Q

Motor area also called Broca’s area, located in the left frontal lobe in most individuals, responsible for regulating the patterns of breathing and controlling the muscular movements necessary for vocalization

A

Motor speech area

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10
Q

Motor area on the superior surface of the middle frontal gyrus, anterior to the premotor cortex in the frontal lobe, controls and regulates the eye movements needed for reading and coordinating binocular vision

A

Frontal eye field

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11
Q

Sensory area housed within the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobes, receive general somatic sensory information from the skin regarding touch, pressure, pain, and temperature receptors, as well as sensory input from proprioceptors from the joints and muscles regarding the conscious interpretation of body position

A

Primary somatosensory cortex

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12
Q

Sensory area located within the occipital lobe, receives and processes incoming visual information

A

Primary visual cortex

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13
Q

Sensory area located within the temporal lobe, receives and processes auditory information

A

Primary auditory cortex

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14
Q

Sensory area located within the temporal lobe, provides conscious awareness of smells

A

Primary olfactory cortex

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15
Q

Sensory area within the insula and involved in processing taste information

A

Primary gustatory cortex

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16
Q

Association area located within the frontal lobe immediately anterior to the precentral gyrus, responsible for coordinating learned, skilled motor activities, such as moving the eyes in a coordinated fashion when reading a book or playing the piano

A

Premotor cortex (somatic motor association area)

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17
Q

Association area located within the parietal lobe, lies immediately posterior to the primary somatosensory cortex, integrates sensory information and interprets sensations to determine the texture, temperature, pressure, and shape of objects

A

Somatosensory association area

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18
Q

Association area located within the occipital lobe, surrounds the primary visual area, enables us to process visual information by analyzing color, movement, and form, and to use this information to identify the things we see

A

Visual association area

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19
Q

Association area located within the temporal lobe, posteroinferior to the primary auditory cortex, interprets the characteristics of sound and stores memories of sounds heard in the past

A

Auditory association area

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20
Q

Association area located only within the left hemisphere, involved in recognizing, understanding, and comprehending spoken or written language

A

Wernicke area

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21
Q

Association area composed of regions of the parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes, integrates all somatosensory, visual, and auditory information being processed by the association areas within these lobes, provides comprehensive understanding of a current activity

A

Gnostic area

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22
Q

Refers to the fact that the two halves of the human brain are not exactly alike

A

cerebral lateralization

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23
Q

Brain hemisphere that does art, imagination, visual-spatial, controls left side of body and right visual field

A

Right hemisphere

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24
Q

Brain hemisphere that does reasoning, analysis, language, math, controls right side of body and left visual field

A

left hemisphere

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25
Q

Part of the epithalamus, an endocrine gland that secretes melatonin and regulates circadian rhythm

A

Pineal gland

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26
Q

Part of the epithalamus, relays signals from the limbic system to the midbrain and is involved in visceral and emotional responses to odors

A

Habenular nuclei

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27
Q

How is the circadian rhythm regulated

A

Melatonin secreted by the pineal gland

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28
Q

Paired oval massed of gray matter that lie on either side of the third ventricle, relay point for incoming sensory information that is processed and then projected to the appropriate lobe of the cerebral cortex, eg filters out the sounds and sights in a busy dorm cafeteria when you are trying to study

A

thalamus

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29
Q

Brain area with master control of autonomic nervous system, master control of endocrine system, regulation of body temperature, control of emotional nehavior, control of food intake, control of water intake, and regulation of circadian rhythms

A

hypothalamus.

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30
Q

Consists of bilaterally symmetrical nuclei within the midbrain, produces dopamine to control movement, emotional response, and ability to experience pleasure and pain

A

Substantia nigra

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31
Q

Posterior region of the mid-brain dorsal to the cerebral aqueduct, relay station for processing visual and auditory sensations

A

Tectum

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32
Q

Called visual reflex centers, help visually track moving objects and control reflexes such as turning the eyes and heat in response to a stimulus

A

superior colliculi

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33
Q

Called auditory reflex centers, control reflexive turning of the head and eyes in the direction of a sound

A

inferior colliculi

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34
Q

Structure in the pons that regulated skeletal muscles of breathing

A

pontine respiratory center

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35
Q

Three autonomic centers of the medulla

A

cardiac center, vasomotor center, medullary respiratory center

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36
Q

Center of the medulla that regulates heart rate and strength of contraction

A

cardiac center

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37
Q

Center of the medulla that control blood pressure by regulating the contraction of smooth muscle in the walls of the arteries

A

vasomotor center

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38
Q

Center of the medulla that regulates respiratory rate

A

medullary respiratory center

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39
Q

Second largest part of the brain, produces fine motor control, stores memories of movement patters, eg scales on a piano

A

cerebellum

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40
Q

Composed of multiple cerebral and diencephalic structures that process and experience emotions

A

limbic system

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41
Q

Part of the limbic system that surrounds diencephalon, receives input from other parts of the limbic system

A

Cingulate gyrus

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42
Q

Part of the limbic system that is a mass of cerebral cortical tissue in the temporal lobe, functions associated with the hippocampus

A

Parahippocampal gyrus

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43
Q

Part of the limbic system that connects the diencephalon via the fornix, essential in storing memories and forming long-term memory

A

Hippocampus

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44
Q

Part of the limbic system that connects to the hippocampus, involved in emotions especially fear, stores and codes memories based upon how a person feels about them

A

Amygdaloid body

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45
Q

Parts of the limbic system that creates experiences of how particular odors can provoke certain emotions or be associated with certain memories

A

Olfactory bulbs, olfactory tracts, and olfactory cortex

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46
Q

Part of the limbic system that is a thin tract of white matter connecting the hippocampus with other diencephalon limbic structures

A

Fornix

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47
Q

Parts of the limbic system that interconnect other parts of the limbic system and contribute to its overall function

A

Anterior thalamic nuclei, habenular nuclei, septal nuclei, and mammillary bodies

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48
Q

Part of the projecting vertically through the core of the modbrain, pons, and medulla; loosely organized mass of gray matter, responsible for regulating muscle tone, alerting cerebrum to incoming sensory information

A

reticular formation

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49
Q

Sensory component of reticular formation, processes visual, auditory, and touch stimuli to keep up in a state of mental alertness

A

reticular activating system (RAS)

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50
Q

Identify the brain areas in which cognition occurs

A

cortex of the cerebrum

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51
Q

Memory that follows sensory memory, limited capacity (7 segments of information), brief duration (seconds to hours)

A

short term memory

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52
Q

Short term memory that is adequately repeated and processed, may exist for limitless period of time

A

long-term memory

53
Q

Part of the brain required for formation of short-term memory

A

hippocampus

54
Q

Part of the brain required for formation of long-term memory

A

cerebral cortex

55
Q

Process of memory consolidation where STM is organized and stored as LTM in the association areas of the cerebral cortex

A

encoding

56
Q

Name the two regions of the limbic system involved in the conversion of short-term memories to long-term memories

A

hippocampus and amygdaloid body

57
Q

Explain the interactions of the prefrontal cortex and the limbic system in expression of emotions

A

interpreted by limbic system and controlled by prefrontal cortex

58
Q

Higher order functions, decision making, higher order thought

A

cerebrum

59
Q

Left and right portions of the brain

A

cerebral hemispheres

60
Q

Division between left and right cerebral hemisphere

A

longitudinal fissure

61
Q

Connection point between left and right hemisphere

A

corpus callosum

62
Q

Describe right/left brain and body control

A

Right side of brain controls left side of body and left side of brain controls right side of body

63
Q

Describe right/left brain and face control

A

Right side of brain controls right side of face, left side of brain controls left side of face

64
Q

Term describing that certain functions are pushed to one side of brain or other

A

Cerebral lateralization

65
Q

Speech for most people is usually in what hemisphere

A

left hemisphere

66
Q

Five lobes of cerebrum

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, insula

67
Q

Love for motor functions, concentration and speech, decision-making, planning, and personality

A

Frontal lobe

68
Q

Lobe for general sensory, temperature, touch, skin sensation, pain, shape, texture

A

Parietal lobe

69
Q

Lobe for hearing and smell

A

Temporal lobe

70
Q

Lobe for processing vision and storing visual memories

A

Occipital lobe

71
Q

Lobe for interpretation of taste, memory of taste, deep to lateral sulcus, can be observed laterally by pulling aside temporal lobe

A

Insula

72
Q

Small shallow depression separating frontal and parietal lobe

A

central sulcus

73
Q

Raised area anterior to the central sulcus, part of the frontal lobe, handles voluntary motor

A

precentral gyrus

74
Q

Functional name for the precentral gyrus, handles voluntary motor

A

primary motor cortex

75
Q

Raised area posterior to the central sulcus, handles general body sensation

A

postcentral gyrus

76
Q

Functional name for the postcentral gyrus, main area that handles general body sensation

A

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

77
Q

Motor speech area, makes words, in the left side of the brain in most people

A

Broca’s area

78
Q

Located in the occipital lobe, receives and processes incoming visual information

A

Primary visual cortex

79
Q

Sensory area located within the temporal lobe, receives and processes auditory information

A

Primary auditory cortex

80
Q

Sensory area located within the temporal lobe, provides conscious awareness of smells

A

Primary olfactory cortex

81
Q

Located in the insula, involved with processing taste information

A

Primary gustatory cortex

82
Q

Association area for primary motor cortex, in the frontal lobe, responsible for coordinating skilled motor activities

A

Premotor cortex

83
Q

Association area located in left hemisphere, for comprehension and understanding of spoken and written language, surrounds Broca’s area

A

Wernicke’s area

84
Q

Association area composed of regions of the parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes, integrates information, creates comprehensive understanding of the current activity

A

Gnostic area

85
Q

Hemisphere that has Wernicke’s area, brocas’s area, gnostic area, handles speech, language, sense of being, reason, sequencing, and analysis

A

Categorical hemisphere

86
Q

Categorical hemisphere is usually left or right

A

left

87
Q

Hemisphere that is involved with visual-spatial relationships, artistic skill, imagination

A

Representational hemisphere

88
Q

Representational hemisphere is typically left or right

A

right

89
Q

Type of amnesia where you forget everything prior to the trauma

A

Retrograde amnesia

90
Q

Type of amnesia in which you can’t make any new memories

A

Anterograde amnesia

91
Q

Neurological disorder “lightening storm” in the brain, neurons transmitting too frequently and rapidly

A

epilepsy

92
Q

Full stroke, reduces blood supply to brain, headaches, blurred vision, dizziness, nausea, walking difficulty

A

Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)

93
Q

Temporary stroke, symptoms last less than 24 hours

A

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

94
Q

Adult brain structure that grows from the prosencephalon made of epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus

A

diencephalon

95
Q

Two main parts of epithalamus

A

pineal gland, habenular nuclei

96
Q

Endocrine gland that secretes melatonin, regulates circadian rhythm

A

pineal gland

97
Q

Chemical that helps you go to sleep, regulates circadian rhythm

A

melatonin

98
Q

Relays signals from limbic system to midbrain, involved in visceral and emotional responses to odors

A

habenular nuclei

99
Q

Principle and final relay and filtering center for incoming sensory information; relays signal to primary somatosensory cortex

A

thalamus

100
Q

Anteroinferior region of diencephalon, master control of endocrine system, master control of autonomic nervous system, regulates body temperature, influences emotional behavior, control of food and water intake, regulates circadian rhythms, part of the limbic system

A

hypothalamus

101
Q

Thin stalk extending inferiorly from hypothalamus, attaches hypothalamus to pituitary gland

A

infundibulum

102
Q

Emotional control center in the brain, contains hypothalamus

A

limbic system

103
Q

Disorder that is a very severe headache, generally one side of headache, not a true brain disorder, primaryily due to blood vessels and muscles

A

migraines

104
Q

Group of neuromuscular disorder, results from damage to infant brain during birth, impairs skeletal muscle and mental functions

A

cerebral palsy

105
Q

Acute inflammatory disease of the brain, can be due to a virus or bacteria, drowsiness, fever, headache, coma, and death, characterized by tension tremors

A

encephalitis

106
Q

Hereditary disease affecting vertebral nuclei, involuntary movements, intellectual deterioration, fatal within 10-20 years

A

Huntington’s chorea

107
Q

Usually but not always a hereditary disease, characterized by resting tremors, caused by decreased dopamine production in substantia nigra

A

Parkinson disease

108
Q

Bilaterally symmetrical nuclei, houses neurons that produces dopamine, related to Parkinson’s

A

substantia nigra

109
Q

Control visual reflexes and tracking, eg turning head in response to visual stimulus

A

Superior colliculi

110
Q

Suditory reflexes

A

Inferior colluculi

111
Q

Transverse axons connecting pons to cerebellum

A

Middle cerebellar peduncles

112
Q

Helps regulate skeletal muscles of breathing, alters breathing, does not set base breathing

A

pontine respiratory center

113
Q

Sets basic functions, breathing, heart rate

A

medulla oblongata

114
Q

Regulates heart rate and strength of contraction

A

cardiac center

115
Q

Controls blood pressure, alters diameters of arterioles

A

vasomotor center

116
Q

Regulates respiratory rate, sets base breathing rate, pontine respiratory center alters baseline set by ____________

A

medullary respiratory center

117
Q

Coughing, sneezing, salivation, swallowing, gagging, vomiting are controlled by what

A

additional functions of Autonomic nuclei of medulla

118
Q

Brain structure that helps with fine motor control

A

cerebellum

119
Q

System composed of parts of the cerebral and diencephalic structures, helps with emotional control

A

limbic system

120
Q

Structures of the Limbic system that help with emotional control

A

cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, hippocampus, amygdaloid body, olfactory bulbs, olfactory tracts, olfactory cortex

121
Q

Part of the limbic system that connects hippocampus with other limbic structures, thin tract of white matter

A

fornix

122
Q

Part of the brainstem that handles level of consciousness, affects motor control

A

reticular formation

123
Q

Part of the reticular formation that uses information to keep us alert, not active during sleep, wakes us up in response to stimuli

A

Reticular activation system

124
Q

State that is awareness of sensation and voluntary motor activities, involves stimulation of large areas of the cortex, exists on a continuum from alertness to sleep

A

consciousness

125
Q

Higher order functions like learning and memory are handled by what

A

cerebrum

126
Q

Primary method of learning

A

memory

127
Q

Disease that begins with loss of creating new long term memories, slow progressive loss of higher intellectual function, eventual loss of memory and personality, leading cause of dementia

A

Alzheimer’s disease

128
Q

Alcohol effects on brain

A

parietal lobe- depresses somatosensory function; occipital lobe- blurred vision; temporal lobe- hearing; Brocca’s area- speech slurred; primary motor cortex- trouble walking; prefrontal cortex- bad decisions; limbic system- angry/crying drunk (emotions); cerebellum- balance, fine motor control; midbrain- auditory and visual reflexes; pons- slows breathing and heart rate

Anatomy and Physiology I (30 decks)

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