LC 4-13 Flashcards by Brad H

What are the differences between the right and left cerebral hemispheres with respect to their general functions

considerable overlap between hemispheres, receive sensory information from and project motor information to opposite sides of the body, some cerebral lateralization (functional differences between sides)

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White matter tract that connects the left and right hemispheres and provides the main method of communication between the hemispheres

corpus callosum

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Lobe primarily concerned with voluntary motor functions, concentration, verbal communication, decision making, planning, and personality

Frontal

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Lobe involved with general sensory functions, such as evaluating the shape and texture of objects being touched

Parietal

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Lobe involved with hearing and smell

Temporal

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Lobe responsible for processing incoming visual information and storing visual memories

Occipital

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Lobe involved with memory and interpretation of taste

Insula

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Motor area located within the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe, controls voluntary skeletal muscle activity

Primary motor cortex

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Motor area also called Broca’s area, located in the left frontal lobe in most individuals, responsible for regulating the patterns of breathing and controlling the muscular movements necessary for vocalization

Motor speech area

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Motor area on the superior surface of the middle frontal gyrus, anterior to the premotor cortex in the frontal lobe, controls and regulates the eye movements needed for reading and coordinating binocular vision

Frontal eye field

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Sensory area housed within the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobes, receive general somatic sensory information from the skin regarding touch, pressure, pain, and temperature receptors, as well as sensory input from proprioceptors from the joints and muscles regarding the conscious interpretation of body position

Primary somatosensory cortex

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Sensory area located within the occipital lobe, receives and processes incoming visual information

Primary visual cortex

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Sensory area located within the temporal lobe, receives and processes auditory information

Primary auditory cortex

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Sensory area located within the temporal lobe, provides conscious awareness of smells

Primary olfactory cortex

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Sensory area within the insula and involved in processing taste information

Primary gustatory cortex

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Association area located within the frontal lobe immediately anterior to the precentral gyrus, responsible for coordinating learned, skilled motor activities, such as moving the eyes in a coordinated fashion when reading a book or playing the piano

Premotor cortex (somatic motor association area)

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Association area located within the parietal lobe, lies immediately posterior to the primary somatosensory cortex, integrates sensory information and interprets sensations to determine the texture, temperature, pressure, and shape of objects

Somatosensory association area

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Association area located within the occipital lobe, surrounds the primary visual area, enables us to process visual information by analyzing color, movement, and form, and to use this information to identify the things we see

Visual association area

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Association area located within the temporal lobe, posteroinferior to the primary auditory cortex, interprets the characteristics of sound and stores memories of sounds heard in the past

Auditory association area

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Association area located only within the left hemisphere, involved in recognizing, understanding, and comprehending spoken or written language

Wernicke area

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Association area composed of regions of the parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes, integrates all somatosensory, visual, and auditory information being processed by the association areas within these lobes, provides comprehensive understanding of a current activity

Gnostic area

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Refers to the fact that the two halves of the human brain are not exactly alike

cerebral lateralization

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Brain hemisphere that does art, imagination, visual-spatial, controls left side of body and right visual field

Right hemisphere

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Brain hemisphere that does reasoning, analysis, language, math, controls right side of body and left visual field

left hemisphere

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Part of the epithalamus, an endocrine gland that secretes melatonin and regulates circadian rhythm

Pineal gland

Part of the epithalamus, relays signals from the limbic system to the midbrain and is involved in visceral and emotional responses to odors

Habenular nuclei

How is the circadian rhythm regulated

Melatonin secreted by the pineal gland

Paired oval massed of gray matter that lie on either side of the third ventricle, relay point for incoming sensory information that is processed and then projected to the appropriate lobe of the cerebral cortex, eg filters out the sounds and sights in a busy dorm cafeteria when you are trying to study

thalamus

Brain area with master control of autonomic nervous system, master control of endocrine system, regulation of body temperature, control of emotional nehavior, control of food intake, control of water intake, and regulation of circadian rhythms

hypothalamus.

Consists of bilaterally symmetrical nuclei within the midbrain, produces dopamine to control movement, emotional response, and ability to experience pleasure and pain

Substantia nigra

Posterior region of the mid-brain dorsal to the cerebral aqueduct, relay station for processing visual and auditory sensations

Tectum

Called visual reflex centers, help visually track moving objects and control reflexes such as turning the eyes and heat in response to a stimulus

superior colliculi

Called auditory reflex centers, control reflexive turning of the head and eyes in the direction of a sound

inferior colliculi

Structure in the pons that regulated skeletal muscles of breathing

pontine respiratory center

Three autonomic centers of the medulla

cardiac center, vasomotor center, medullary respiratory center

Center of the medulla that regulates heart rate and strength of contraction

cardiac center

Center of the medulla that control blood pressure by regulating the contraction of smooth muscle in the walls of the arteries

vasomotor center

Center of the medulla that regulates respiratory rate

medullary respiratory center

Second largest part of the brain, produces fine motor control, stores memories of movement patters, eg scales on a piano

cerebellum

Composed of multiple cerebral and diencephalic structures that process and experience emotions

limbic system

Part of the limbic system that surrounds diencephalon, receives input from other parts of the limbic system

Cingulate gyrus

Part of the limbic system that is a mass of cerebral cortical tissue in the temporal lobe, functions associated with the hippocampus

Parahippocampal gyrus

Part of the limbic system that connects the diencephalon via the fornix, essential in storing memories and forming long-term memory

Hippocampus

Part of the limbic system that connects to the hippocampus, involved in emotions especially fear, stores and codes memories based upon how a person feels about them

Amygdaloid body

Parts of the limbic system that creates experiences of how particular odors can provoke certain emotions or be associated with certain memories

Olfactory bulbs, olfactory tracts, and olfactory cortex

Part of the limbic system that is a thin tract of white matter connecting the hippocampus with other diencephalon limbic structures

Fornix

Parts of the limbic system that interconnect other parts of the limbic system and contribute to its overall function

Anterior thalamic nuclei, habenular nuclei, septal nuclei, and mammillary bodies

Part of the projecting vertically through the core of the modbrain, pons, and medulla; loosely organized mass of gray matter, responsible for regulating muscle tone, alerting cerebrum to incoming sensory information

reticular formation

Sensory component of reticular formation, processes visual, auditory, and touch stimuli to keep up in a state of mental alertness

reticular activating system (RAS)

Identify the brain areas in which cognition occurs

cortex of the cerebrum

Memory that follows sensory memory, limited capacity (7 segments of information), brief duration (seconds to hours)

short term memory

Short term memory that is adequately repeated and processed, may exist for limitless period of time

long-term memory

Part of the brain required for formation of short-term memory

hippocampus

Part of the brain required for formation of long-term memory

cerebral cortex

Process of memory consolidation where STM is organized and stored as LTM in the association areas of the cerebral cortex

encoding

Name the two regions of the limbic system involved in the conversion of short-term memories to long-term memories

hippocampus and amygdaloid body

Explain the interactions of the prefrontal cortex and the limbic system in expression of emotions

interpreted by limbic system and controlled by prefrontal cortex

Higher order functions, decision making, higher order thought

cerebrum

Left and right portions of the brain

cerebral hemispheres

Division between left and right cerebral hemisphere

longitudinal fissure

Connection point between left and right hemisphere

corpus callosum

Describe right/left brain and body control

Right side of brain controls left side of body and left side of brain controls right side of body

Describe right/left brain and face control

Right side of brain controls right side of face, left side of brain controls left side of face

Term describing that certain functions are pushed to one side of brain or other

Cerebral lateralization

Speech for most people is usually in what hemisphere

left hemisphere

Five lobes of cerebrum

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, insula

Love for motor functions, concentration and speech, decision-making, planning, and personality

Frontal lobe

Lobe for general sensory, temperature, touch, skin sensation, pain, shape, texture

Parietal lobe

Lobe for hearing and smell

Temporal lobe

Lobe for processing vision and storing visual memories

Occipital lobe

Lobe for interpretation of taste, memory of taste, deep to lateral sulcus, can be observed laterally by pulling aside temporal lobe

Insula

Small shallow depression separating frontal and parietal lobe

central sulcus

Raised area anterior to the central sulcus, part of the frontal lobe, handles voluntary motor

precentral gyrus

Functional name for the precentral gyrus, handles voluntary motor

primary motor cortex

Raised area posterior to the central sulcus, handles general body sensation

postcentral gyrus

Functional name for the postcentral gyrus, main area that handles general body sensation

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

Motor speech area, makes words, in the left side of the brain in most people

Broca’s area

Located in the occipital lobe, receives and processes incoming visual information

Primary visual cortex

Sensory area located within the temporal lobe, receives and processes auditory information

Primary auditory cortex

Sensory area located within the temporal lobe, provides conscious awareness of smells

Primary olfactory cortex

Located in the insula, involved with processing taste information

Primary gustatory cortex

Association area for primary motor cortex, in the frontal lobe, responsible for coordinating skilled motor activities

Premotor cortex

Association area located in left hemisphere, for comprehension and understanding of spoken and written language, surrounds Broca’s area

Wernicke’s area

Association area composed of regions of the parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes, integrates information, creates comprehensive understanding of the current activity

Gnostic area

Hemisphere that has Wernicke’s area, brocas’s area, gnostic area, handles speech, language, sense of being, reason, sequencing, and analysis

Categorical hemisphere

Categorical hemisphere is usually left or right

left

Hemisphere that is involved with visual-spatial relationships, artistic skill, imagination

Representational hemisphere

Representational hemisphere is typically left or right

right

Type of amnesia where you forget everything prior to the trauma

Retrograde amnesia

Type of amnesia in which you can’t make any new memories

Anterograde amnesia

Neurological disorder “lightening storm” in the brain, neurons transmitting too frequently and rapidly

epilepsy

Full stroke, reduces blood supply to brain, headaches, blurred vision, dizziness, nausea, walking difficulty

Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)

Temporary stroke, symptoms last less than 24 hours

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

Adult brain structure that grows from the prosencephalon made of epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus

diencephalon

Two main parts of epithalamus

pineal gland, habenular nuclei

Endocrine gland that secretes melatonin, regulates circadian rhythm

pineal gland

Chemical that helps you go to sleep, regulates circadian rhythm

melatonin

Relays signals from limbic system to midbrain, involved in visceral and emotional responses to odors

habenular nuclei

Principle and final relay and filtering center for incoming sensory information; relays signal to primary somatosensory cortex

thalamus

Anteroinferior region of diencephalon, master control of endocrine system, master control of autonomic nervous system, regulates body temperature, influences emotional behavior, control of food and water intake, regulates circadian rhythms, part of the limbic system

hypothalamus

Thin stalk extending inferiorly from hypothalamus, attaches hypothalamus to pituitary gland

infundibulum

Emotional control center in the brain, contains hypothalamus

limbic system

Disorder that is a very severe headache, generally one side of headache, not a true brain disorder, primaryily due to blood vessels and muscles

migraines

Group of neuromuscular disorder, results from damage to infant brain during birth, impairs skeletal muscle and mental functions

cerebral palsy

Acute inflammatory disease of the brain, can be due to a virus or bacteria, drowsiness, fever, headache, coma, and death, characterized by tension tremors

encephalitis

Hereditary disease affecting vertebral nuclei, involuntary movements, intellectual deterioration, fatal within 10-20 years

Huntington’s chorea

Usually but not always a hereditary disease, characterized by resting tremors, caused by decreased dopamine production in substantia nigra

Parkinson disease

Bilaterally symmetrical nuclei, houses neurons that produces dopamine, related to Parkinson’s

substantia nigra

Control visual reflexes and tracking, eg turning head in response to visual stimulus

Superior colliculi

Suditory reflexes

Inferior colluculi

Transverse axons connecting pons to cerebellum

Middle cerebellar peduncles

Helps regulate skeletal muscles of breathing, alters breathing, does not set base breathing

pontine respiratory center

Sets basic functions, breathing, heart rate

medulla oblongata

Regulates heart rate and strength of contraction

cardiac center

Controls blood pressure, alters diameters of arterioles

vasomotor center

Regulates respiratory rate, sets base breathing rate, pontine respiratory center alters baseline set by ____________

medullary respiratory center

Coughing, sneezing, salivation, swallowing, gagging, vomiting are controlled by what

additional functions of Autonomic nuclei of medulla

Brain structure that helps with fine motor control

cerebellum

System composed of parts of the cerebral and diencephalic structures, helps with emotional control

limbic system

Structures of the Limbic system that help with emotional control

cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, hippocampus, amygdaloid body, olfactory bulbs, olfactory tracts, olfactory cortex

Part of the limbic system that connects hippocampus with other limbic structures, thin tract of white matter

fornix

Part of the brainstem that handles level of consciousness, affects motor control

reticular formation

Part of the reticular formation that uses information to keep us alert, not active during sleep, wakes us up in response to stimuli

Reticular activation system

State that is awareness of sensation and voluntary motor activities, involves stimulation of large areas of the cortex, exists on a continuum from alertness to sleep

consciousness

Higher order functions like learning and memory are handled by what

cerebrum

Primary method of learning

memory

Disease that begins with loss of creating new long term memories, slow progressive loss of higher intellectual function, eventual loss of memory and personality, leading cause of dementia

Alzheimer’s disease

Alcohol effects on brain

parietal lobe- depresses somatosensory function; occipital lobe- blurred vision; temporal lobe- hearing; Brocca’s area- speech slurred; primary motor cortex- trouble walking; prefrontal cortex- bad decisions; limbic system- angry/crying drunk (emotions); cerebellum- balance, fine motor control; midbrain- auditory and visual reflexes; pons- slows breathing and heart rate