LC 4-16 Flashcards by Brad H

Receptors found in skin, joints, muscles; sense of touch/movement.

Somatic receptors

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Receptors found in walls of organs; organ status

Visceral receptors

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Receptors for Gustation, olfaction, vision, hearing, equilibrium

Special sense receptors

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Receptors that Detect stimuli from external environment; found in skin, special senses, some membranes

Exteroceptors

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Receptors that Detect stimuli in internal organs; found in smooth muscle

Introceptors

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Receptors that Detect body and limb movements; found in muscles and joints

Proprioceptors

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Receptors that detect Chemicals dissolved in fluid; flavors in saliva, blood, oxygen

Chemoreceptors

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Receptors for Changes in temperature

Thermoreceptors

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Receptors for Changes in light, color, movement

Photorecptors

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Receptors for Touch, pressure, vibration

Mechanoreceptors

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Receptors for Stretch or expansion in vessels and organs

Baroreceptors

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Receptors for Pain/tissue damage

Nocioceptors

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Cells that detect tastes; taste-producing molecules and ions in our food

Gustatory cells

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Change in environment, detected by receptor

stimulus

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Change in environment, consciously aware of it

sensation

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Term for sense of taste

gustation

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Term for sense of smell

olfaction

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Type of sense that includes all senses other than special

general

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Type of senses that include vision, hearing, smelling, tasting, equilibrium

special

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Sense term that describes change in body’s internal environment, things that you can’t reach with a finger

Interoreception

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Sense term that describes change in external environment, things you can reach with a finger

Exteroreception

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Sense term that describes body position and equilibrium

Proprioception

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Receptors that detect chemicals, eg nose, tongue, blood vessels

Chemoreceptors

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Receptors that detect temperature, eg skin

Thermoreceptors

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Receptors that detect light, eg only in eye

Photoreceptors

Receptors that detect touch, vibration, stretch, eg cutaneous, ear

Mechanoreceptors

Receptors that detect pressure, eg vessel and organ walls

Baroreceptors

Receptors that detect pain, eg skin, muscles

Nocioceptors

Detect pain in skin

Free nerve endings

Detect hair movement

Root hair plexuses

Detects deep touch

Lamellated corpuscles

Detects light touch

Tactile corpuscles

Something you can smell

oderant

Chemical in body that can detect oderant in body and will send signal to brain

Oderant-binding protein

Smell is important for _______

memory

Sense of taste

gustation

Bumps on the tongue that may contain taste buds

papillae

Papillae with no taste buds, have mechanoreceptors, for texture

Filiform papillae

Papillae that have taste buds, but not many

Fungiform papillae

Papillae that have taste buds, most taste buds

Vallate papillae

Papillae that are not well developed in humans

Foliate papillae

Describe how taste buds work

(1) tastant dissolves, (2) goes into papillae, (3) chemoreceptors in papillae detect, (4) sent to facial (VII) and glossopharangeal (IX) nerves

Term for chemical we can taste

tastant

Five types of taste

sweet, salt, sour, bitter, umami

Taste produced by organic compounds, eg sugar

sweet

Taste produced by metal ions, eg Na+ and K+

salt

Taste associated with acids

sour

Taste produced by alkaloids

bitter

Taste related to amino acids

umami

Good portion of taste goes where in brain

medulla oblongata

Visual receptors that detect light

photoreceptors

Two main types of photoreceptors

rods and cones

Receptor that detects volume, amount of light

rods

Receptors that detect color, wavelength, frequency, primarily located in the fovea centralis

cones

Three types of cones

red, blue, green

Describe relationship of cones and rods in seeing light

rods overlap in frequencies of light they detect, rods are between blue and green

Protein in photopigments

opsin

Light-absorbing molecule in photopigments

retinal

Two types of photopigments

rhodopsin, photopsin

Opsin in rods

rhodopsin

Opsin in cone cells

photopsin

Focusing involves two steps

refraction, accommodation

Bending light, eg light passing through material

refraction

Term referring to body changing shape of lens to adjust for distance

accommodation

Accommodation for distant vision

lens more long and thin, suspensory ligaments taut, ciliary muscles relaxed

Accommodation for near vision

lens more thick and spherical, suspensory ligaments relaxed, ciliary muscles contract

Normal vision

emmetropia

Far-sighted

hypertropia

Near-sightedness

myopia

Unequal focusing due to curvatures in one or more refractive surfaces

astigmatism

Age-related vision decrease

presbyopia

Lens needed to corrected hyperopia

convex

Lens needed to correct myopia

concave lens

Clearness of vision, measures on the 20/20 scale

Visual acuity

Describe visual acuity measurement

higher second number, worse vision; lower second number, better vision, 20/20 is normal

Pathway of light, neural pathway

Photopigments in photoreceptors stimulated > depolarizes bipolar cell > AP in ganglion cell > optic nerves > optic tract > occipital lobe

Optic tracts carry info to brain areas where

superior colliculi

Overlapping vision which creates depth perception

stereoscopic vision

Auditory path of sound

Pinna > external auditory meatus > tympanic membrane > malleus > incus > stapes > oval window > vestibular duct > vestibular membrane > cochlear duct > tectorial membrane > hair cells of organ of corti

Neural path of sound

hair cells of spiral organ of corti > cochlear branch of vestibulocochlear nerve > vestibulocochlear nerve > cochlear nucleus > inferior colliculi > thalamus > temporal lobe

Structure that vibrates out any excess pressure waves

round window

Wavelength of sound determines what in relationship to cochlea

determines where in cochlea sound is detected

Measurement for frequency of sound

hertz

Measurement for amplitude, sound intensity

decibels

Awareness and monitoring of head position, coming from vestibule

equilibrium

Structures that detect linear acceleration

saccule, utricle

Angular/rotational acceleration

semicircular ducts

Gel layer on top of hair cells in vestibule

otolithic membrane

Gel cap on top of hair cells in semicircular ducts

cupula

Calcium carbonate crystal that add mass to gel in _______ membrane

otoliths

Linear and angular acceleration is detected by what

hair cells in the vestibule

Pathway of linear acceleration

hair cells of vestibule > vestibular branch of vestibulocochlear nerve > vestibulocochlear nerve > vestibular nucleus > cerebellum and thalamus > cerebral cortex