LC 3-10 Flashcards
1
Q
Two types of muscle fascia
A
superficial and deep
2
Q
Layer that separates muscle layers from hypodermis
A
superficial fascia
3
Q
Layer that wraps groups of muscles
A
deep fascia
4
Q
Wraps named MM
A
Epimysium
5
Q
Organ level of muscle organization
A
named muscle
6
Q
wraps MM fascicle
A
Perimysium
7
Q
Abbreviation for named muscle
A
MM
8
Q
Tissue level of muscle organization
A
MM fascicle
9
Q
wraps single MM fiber
A
Endomysium
10
Q
specialized plasma membrane of a muscle cell
A
Sarcolemma
11
Q
extension off sarcolemma that goes deep into the cell
A
T-tubule
12
Q
Cell level of muscle of organization
A
MM fiber
13
Q
wrapping around myofibrils, stores Ca2+
A
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
14
Q
Organelle level of muscle organization
A
myofibril
15
Q
Long chain of sarcomeres
A
myofibril
16
Q
Actual contractile unit of muscles, smallest thing that contracts
A
sarcomeres
17
Q
Muscle filaments
A
myofilament
18
Q
Two types of myofilaments
A
acton and myosin
19
Q
Thin filament in myofilament
A
actin
20
Q
Thick filament in myofilament
A
myosin
21
Q
The feature of skeletal muscle cells that is the reason why they are multinucleated
A
Myoblasts
22
Q
Muscle version of hemoglobin, red pigment protein in muscle that stores oxygen
A
myoglobin
23
Q
One motor nerve and the muscle cells it connects to
A
Motor unit
24
Q
The location where a motor nerve meets a muscle cell
A
Neuromuscular junction
25
The specialized area of the sarcolemma that has binding sites for acetylcholine
Motor end plate
26
Describe crossbridge cycling
When ATP bind to myosin, myosin releases from actin and pulls. When ATP breaks down, myosin grabs actin
27
Things that affect crossbridge cycling
AChE isn’t broken down, ACh is too high, Ca2+ doesn’t bind to troponin (not enough Na+ or too low Ca2+)
28
Name the three types of muscle tissue
skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
29
Explain the five general functions of skeletal muscle
body movement, maintenance of posture, protection and support, regulation of elimination, heat production
30
Describe the five characteristics of skeletal muscle tissue
excitability, conductivity, contractility, elasticity, extensibility
31
Thick cordlike structure of dense regular connective tissue
tendon
32
Thin, flattened sheet of dense, irregular connective tissue
aponeurosis
33
Layer of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the whole skeletal muscle
epimysium
34
Dense irregular connective tissue sheath that surrounds the fascicles
perimysium
35
The innermost connective tissue layer, a delicate, areolar connective tissue layer that surrounds and electrically insulates each muscle fiber
endomysium
36
The smallest functional unit of a muscle fiber
sarcomere
37
Plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle fiber
sarcolemma
38
Deep invaginations of the sarcolemma that extend into the skeletal muscle fiber as a network of narrow membranous tubules to the sarcoplasmic reticulum
T-tubules
39
The endoplasmic reticulum of a muscle cell
sarcoplasmic reticulum
40
Long, cylindrical structures that extend the length of the entire muscle fiber and make up 80% of the volume of skeletal muscle
myofibril
41
A single motor neuron and the muscle fibers it controls
motor unit
42
What are the three components of the neuromuscular junction
synaptic knob, motor end plate, synaptic cleft
43
Expanded tip of an axon of a motor neuron containing Ca2+ pumps and voltage-gated Ca2+ channels
synaptic knob
44
Specialized region of a sarcolemma of a muscle fiber that has large numbers of ACh receptors and chemically (ACh)-gated Na+ and K+ channels
motor end plate
45
Narrow fluid-filled space separating the synaptic knob and motor end plate containing AChE
synaptic cleft
46
Type of fascia that separates individual muscles, Bind together muscles with similar functions, Contains nerves and blood vessels and lymph vessels, Fills spaces between muscles
deep fascia
47
Type of fascia that separates muscle from skin
superficial fascia
48
What type of neuron controls the skeletal muscle
motor neuron
49
What is the embryonic precursor to a muscle cell
myoblasts
50
What do the Ca2+ pumps embedded in sarcoplasmic reticulum do
Move Ca2+ into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
51
What do the voltage-gated Ca2+ channels embedded in sarcoplasmic reticulum do
Releases Ca2+ into the sarcoplasm in response to the action potential from the T-tubules
52
Globular protein attached to tropomyosin that contains a binding site for Ca2+
troponin
53
Cable-like protein that extends from the z-discs to the M-line through the core of each thick filament
connectin
54
Part of the protein complex that anchors myofibrils that are adjacent to the sarcolemma to proteins within the sarcolemma
dystrophin
55
What disease is dystrophin related to
muscular dystrophy
56
What do mitochondria do inside the muscle cell
Produce ATP
57
What is storage form of glucose in muscle
glycogen
58
A reddish globular protein that bind oxygen when the muscle is at rest and releases oxygen during contraction
myoglobin
59
What is aerobic cellular respiration
Cellular respiration that uses oxygen
60
Which muscles would have small motor units
Eye muscles
61
Which muscles would have large motor units
Lower limbs
62
Do all motor units fire at the same time, normally
No
63
What type of voltage channels are found at the synaptic knob
Calcium
64
What kind of receptors are found at the motor end plate
Acetylcholine
65
What enzyme breaks down ACh
Acetylcholinesterase
66
Describe the steps in excitation-contraction coupling.
(1) ACh binds to receptors in the motor end plate, (2) Chemically-gated Na+/K+ channels open and Na+ moves into cell, (3) Threshold is reached, action potential is produced, (4) Voltage-gated Na+ channels open, Na+ rushes into cell, (5) action potential travels down T-tubules to sarcoplasmic reticulum, (6) Action potential triggers release of Ca2+ from sarcoplasmic reticulum
67
Summarize the changes that occur within a sarcomere during contraction.
(1) Calcium released from sarcoplasmic reticulum binds to troponin causing the troponin-tropomyosin complex to no longer cover the myosin binding site on actin, (2) myosin heads attach to the myosin binding site on actin. (3) myosin head pulls “powerstroke”, (4) ATP binds to myosin, causing release of myosin head from actin, (5) ATP is split into ADP and P, myosin head is reset
68
An autoimmune disease occurring primarily in women aged 20-40 in which the immune system attacks neuromuscular junctions and bind ACh receptors together into clusters
Myasthenia Gravis
69
Attaching of the myosin head to actin
crossbridge formation
70
Pulling the thin filament by movement of the myosin head
power stroke
71
A toxin from a bacterial infection that causes excessive muscle contractions
tetanus
72
A toxin from a bacteria that causes muscular paralysis by preventing the release of ACh at the synaptic knobs
botulism
73
What are the events in muscle relaxation
(1) ATP binds to myosin, (2) myosin head releases actin, (3) myosin head is reset by splitting ATP into ADP and P
74
Short term, anaerobic means of supplying muscle contraction that involves transferring a P from ADP or creatine phosphate to create ATP, for intense exercise a few seconds in duration
phosphate transfer
75
Short-term, anaerobic means of supplying ATP to a muscle cell by breaking down glycogen stored in the muscle for intense exercise of less than a minute
glycolysis
76
Long-term, aerobic means of supplying ATP to a muscle cell that occurs within the mitochondria, for long duration, low intensity exercise
aerobic respiration
77
The amount of additional oxygen that is consumed following exercise to restore pre-exercise conditions
oxygen debt
78
An enzyme that transfers a P from one ADP to another ADP yielding ATP
myokinase
79
How much ATP is formed by anaerobic cellular respiration
2 ATP molecules
80
How much ATP is formed by aerobic cellular respiration
30 ATP molecules
81
Muscle fibers that produce a strong contraction, more quickly, for a shorter duration
fast-twitch fibers
82
Muscle fibers that produce a slower contraction but are most resistant to fatigue
slow-twitch fibers
83
Muscle fiber that specialize in providing ATP through aerobic cellular respiration and have several features that support these processes, including an extensive capillary network, large numbers of mitochondria, and a large supply of the red pigment myoglobin
oxidative fibers
84
Muscle fibers that specialize in providing ATP through glycolysis
glycolytic fibers
85
Type I muscle fibers with contractions slower and less powerful, but can contract over long periods of time without fatigue because ATP is supplied primarily through aerobic respiration
oxidative fibers
86
Type IIa muscle fibers that are intermediate in size and produce a fast, powerful contraction with ATP provided by aerobic respiration, least numerous in the body
fast oxidative fibers
87
Type IIb muscle fibers that are the most prevalent skeletal muscle fiber type, power contractions for a short duration, ATP primarily provided through glycolysis
fast glycolytic fibers
88
Explain the events that occur in motor unit recruitment as the intensity of stimulation is increased
Muscle fibers follow all-or-none law for contraction, so changes in contraction strength result from an increased number of motor units being recruited
89
Stepwise increase in the strength of muscle contraction
treppe
90
The summation of each successive wave of contractile forces in a muscle
wave summation
91
The increase of tension tracing and decrease in distance between contraction waves
incomplete tetany
92
Continuous contraction, tension tracing is a smooth line
tetany
93
Force generated when a skeletal muscle is stimulated to contract
muscle tension
94
Resting tension in a muscle
muscle tone
95
What are the periods of the twitch
latent period, contraction period, relaxation period
96
The type of muscle contraction where muscle tension is insufficient to overcome the resistance, eg pushing against a wall
isometric contraction
97
The type of muscle contraction that results in movement, eg lifting weights
isotonic contraction
98
The type of isotonic contraction in which the muscle shortens
concentric contractions
99
The type of isotonic contraction in which the muscle lengthens
eccentric contractions
100
Explain the length-tension relationship in skeletal muscle contraction
a muscle generates maximum force at its normal resting length
101
Reduced ability or inability to produce muscle tension
fatigue
102
How can sustained isometric contractions affect blood pressure
increases it
103
Summarize the effects of exercise (or lack or exercise) on skeletal muscle
Muscle fibers get bigger, stronger, increase in number, and contract longer
104
Summarize the effects of aging on skeletal muscle
Cells get smaller, fewer, don’t work as well, don’t repair as well, die
105
What are some effects of using anabolic steroids as performance-enhancing compounds
heart disease, kidney damage, liver damage, testicular atrophy
106
List and describe the similarities and differences between skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle
Cardiac cells are shorter, thicker, have intercalated discs, and an autorhythmic pacemaker
107
Type of junction in cardiac muscle that is composed is desmosomes and gap junctions
intercalated discs
108
Identify organs of various body systems where smooth muscle is located
Blood vessels, bronchioles, GI tract, ureters, uterus
109
Compare the microscopic anatomy of smooth muscle to skeletal muscle:
Diameter is 10x smaller and length thousands of times shorter than skeletal muscle
110
Describe the characteristics of smooth muscle contraction
slow initiation and long duration, fatigue resistant, broad length-tension curve
111
Three ways ATP is formed
immediate (phosphate, 5-6 sec), short-term (anaerobic, 60 sec), long-term (aerobic 60+ sec)
112
Three ways to create energy in of Phosphagen system
ATPase, myokinase, creatine kinase
113
A way to create energy in the phosphagen system that removes a P from ATP to make ADP and P to create energy
ATPase
114
A way to create energy in the phosphagen system that removes a P from one ADP and adds it to an ADP to create ATP and AMP
myokinase
115
A way to create energy in the phosphagen system that removes a P from creatine phosphate and adds it to ADP to create ATP and creatine
creatine kinase
116
Energy system that happens in the cytosol, does not require oxygen, releases 2 ATP per glucose, byproduct is lactic acid
Anerobic energy system
117
Energy system that happens in the mitochondria, requires oxygen, byproduct is CO2, 34 gross 32 net ATP per glucose
Aerobic cellular respiration
118
50m sprint uses __________ energy system
phosphagen
119
400m run uses ________ energy system
anaerobic
120
1500m run uses _________ energy system
aerobic
121
Never use _______ energy system by itself, only after using phosphagen and anaerobic
aerobic
122
Replenishing oxygen taken from that stored in myoglobin and replenishing glycogen
oxygen debt
123
Type of muscle fiber that contracts quickly and strongly, fatigue quickly
fast-twitch
124
Type of muscle fiber that contracts less quickly and less strongly, fatigue more slowly
slow-twitch
125
Type of muscle fiber that uses oxygen, has lots of myoglobin, resist fatigue, less strong
oxidative (aerobic)
126
Type of muscle fiber that uses anaerobic respiration, strong, no myoglobin, fatigues quickly
glycolytic
127
Type of skeletal muscle fiber that called Type I, has myoglobin, uses aerobic cellular respiration
slow oxidative
128
Type of skeletal muscle fiber called Type IIb, most prevalent, anaerobic, largest size, for power and speed
fast glycolytic
129
Variation in muscle fiber types in individuals
sprinters have larger proportion of Type IIb, marathoners have higher proportion of Type I
130
Time period between signal being sent and muscle starting to contract
Latent period
131
Motor units working together in “shifts” to maintain tension in a muscle (think overlapping sine waves)
Recruitment
132
Adding waves of motor units together for muscle contraction
wave summation
133
When motor unit waves add together to form complete contraction
tetany
134
Movement of wave from less contracted to most contracted
Wave summation > incomplete tetant > tetany
135
Resting muscle tension
muscle tone
136
Type of contraction when tension increases but muscle doesn’t change length, muscle tension does not overcome resistance
Isometric contraction
137
Type of contraction when tension increases and muscle changes in length, muscle tension overcomes resistance
isotonic contraction
138
Type of contraction that can increase blood pressure
isometric contraction
139
Increase in muscle size from repetitive stimulation of muscles, resulting in increased myofibrils that contain larger number of myofilaments
hypertrophy
140
Decrease in muscle size from nonuse
atrophy
