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Anatomy and Physiology I > LB 4-13 > Flashcards

LB 4-13 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four major regions of the brain

A

the cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem, and cerebellum

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2
Q

Five lobes of the brain

A

Frontal lobe, Parietal lobe, Occipital lobe, Temporal lobe, Insula

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3
Q

Acute brain damage that occurs as a result of an accident or trauma

A

traumatic brain injury

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4
Q

The most common type of TBI. It is characterized by temporary, abrupt loss of consciousness after a blow to the head or the sudden stop of a moving head. Headache, drowsiness, lack of concentration, confusion, and amnesia (memory loss) may occur

A

concussion

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5
Q

A TBI where there is bruising of the brain due to trauma that causes blood to leak from small vessels into the subarachnoid space (a fluid-filled space surrounding the brain)

A

Contusion

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6
Q

Where an individual experiences a second brain injury prior to the resolution of the first injury, and develops severe brain swelling and possible death as a result

A

Second Impact Syndrome

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7
Q

What are the primary brain vesicles

A

prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon

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8
Q

Vesicle name for the forebrain

A

prosencephalon

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9
Q

Vesicle name for the midbrain

A

mesencephalon

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10
Q

Vesicle name for the hindbrain

A

rhombencephalon

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11
Q

What are secondary brain vesicles

A

telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon

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12
Q

The telencephalon arises from the _________ and eventually forms the ________

A

prosencephalon, cerebrum

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13
Q

The diencephalon also derives from the _____, and it eventually forms the ________

A

prosencephalon; thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus

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14
Q

The mesencephalon is the only primary vesicle that (does/does not) form a new secondary vesicle. It becomes the__________.

A

does not, midbrain

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15
Q

The metencephalon arises from the _______ and eventually forms the ________

A

rhombencephalon, pons and cerebellum

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16
Q

The myelencephalon also derives from the ________, and it eventually forms the________

A

rhombencephalon, medulla oblongata

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17
Q

Folds of brain tissue

A

gyri

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18
Q

Shallow depressions between the gyri

A

sulci

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19
Q

What is the function of CSF

A

buoyancy, protection, environmental stability

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20
Q

This barrier strictly regulates which substances can and cannot enter the interstitial fluid of the brain to help prevent exposure of neurons in the brain to drugs, waste products in the blood, and variations in levels of normal substances (e.g., ions, hormones) that could adversely affect brain function

A

blood brain barrier

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21
Q

A hemorrhage that occurs in the subdural space between the dura mater and arachnoid mater

A

subdural hematoma

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22
Q

An inflammation of the meningeal coverings around the brain

A

meningitis

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23
Q

The meningeal layer of the dura mater extends as flat partitions into the cranial cavity at four locations. Collectively, these double layers of dura mater are called

A

cranial dural septa

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24
Q

The largest of the four dural septa. This large, sickle-shaped vertical fold of dura mater is located in the midsagittal plane and projects into the longitudinal fissure between the left and right cerebral hemispheres. Anteriorly, its inferior portion attaches to the crista galli of the ethmoid bone; posteriorly, its inferior portion attaches to the internal occipital crest

A

falx cerebri

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25
Q

A horizontally oriented fold of dura mater that separates both the occipital and temporal lobes of the cerebrum from the cerebellum

A

tentorium cerebelli

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26
Q

Extending into the midsagittal line inferior to the tentorium cerebelli is the_______, a sickle-shaped vertical partition that divides the left and right cerebellar hemispheres

A

falx cerebelli

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27
Q

The smallest of the dural septa. It forms a “roof” over the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone. A small opening within it allows for the passage of a thin stalk, called the infundibulum, that attaches the pituitary gland to the base of the hypothalamus

A

diaphragma sellae

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28
Q

Cavities or expansions within the brain that are derived from the neural canal, lined with ependymal cells and contain cerebrospinal fluid, connected with one another as well as with the central canal of the spinal cord

A

brain ventricles

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29
Q

Name the four ventricles of the brain

A

two lateral ventricles in the cerebrum, third ventricle within the diencephalon, fourth ventricle between the pons, medulla oblongata, and cerebellum

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30
Q

Thin medial partition separating the two lateral ventricles in the cerebrum

A

septum pellucidum?

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31
Q

The opening connecting the two lateral ventricles in the cerebrum with the third ventricle in the diencephalon

A

interventricular foramen

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32
Q

The narrow canal that passes through the midbrain and connects the third ventricle with the sickle-shaped fourth ventricle

A

cerebral aqueduct

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33
Q

What forms CSF

A

ependymal cells in the choroid plexus in the brain

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34
Q

How does CSF circulate

A

through the ventricles into the subarachnoid space

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35
Q

Pathologic condition of excessive CSF

A

hydrocephalus

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36
Q

Part of the brain sandwiched between the inferior regions of the cerebral hemispheres, referred to as the “in-between brain,” provides the relay centers for some sensory and motor pathways, and for control of visceral activities

A

diencephalon

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37
Q

Components of diencephalon

A

epithalamus, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus

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38
Q

Connects the cerebrum, diencephalon, and cerebellum to the spinal cord

A

brainstem

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39
Q

Three regions that form the brainstem from superior to inferior

A

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

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40
Q

Four major regions of the brain

A

cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem, cerebellum

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41
Q

Raised folds of the outer surface of the brain

A

gyri

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42
Q

Shallow depressions on the surface of the brain

A

sulci

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43
Q

Deeper grooves on the surface of the brain

A

fissures

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44
Q

Acute brain damage occurring as a result of trauma

A

traumatic brain injury

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45
Q

Most common type of TBI, has cumulative effect of each successive _______, temporary loss of consciousness after blow to the heads, headache, confusion, loss of memory, drowsiness possible

A

concussion

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46
Q

Bruising to the brain usually associated with concussion

A

contusion

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47
Q

Individual with second injury prior to resolution of the first trauma

A

second impact syndrome

48
Q

Botox does what in the nerves

A

stops acetylcholine from being released into the synaptic knob

49
Q

At about 8-10 weeks, this first structure of the fetus begins to develop that is different than the other structures around it that becomes the nervous system

A

neural tube

50
Q

Three primary brain vesicles

A

Prosencephalon, Mesencephalon, Rhombencephalon

51
Q

Term for the primary brain vesicle, forebrain

A

prosencephalon

52
Q

Term for the primary brain vesicle, midbrain

A

mesencephalon

53
Q

Term for the primary brain vesicle, hindbrain

A

rhombencephalon

54
Q

Vitamin required for the development of the neural tube in fetuses

A

folic acid

55
Q

Deficiency in folic acid may result in what birth defect

A

spina bifida

56
Q

Prosencephalon develops into what two secondary brain vesicles

A

Telencephalon, Diencephalon

57
Q

Mesencephalon develops into what secondary brain vesicle

A

Mesencephalon

58
Q

Rhombencephalon develops into what secondary brain vesicles

A

Metencephalon, Myelencephalon

59
Q

Telencephalon develops into what adult brain structure

60
Q

Diencephalon develops into what adult brain structure

A

diencephalon composed of epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus

61
Q

Mesencephalon develops into what adult brain structure

A

midbrain (brainstem)

62
Q

Metencephalon develops into what two adult brain structures

A

Pons (brainstem) and cerebellum

63
Q

Myelencephalon develops into what adult brain structure

A

Medulla oblongata (brainstem)

64
Q

Adult brain structure cerebrum and diencephalon develops from what primary brain vesicle

A

proencephalon

65
Q

Adult brain structure midbrain and diencephalon develops from what primary brain vesicle

A

mesencephalon

66
Q

Adult brain structure pons, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata develops from what primary brain vesicle

A

rhombencephalon

67
Q

Adult brain structure that does consciousness, voluntary motor, thinking, higher order functions

68
Q

Adult brain structure that does sleep/wake cycles

A

epithalamus

69
Q

Adult brain structure that does relay center, filters information

70
Q

Adult brain structure that does master control of endocrine function and homeostasis

A

hypothalamus

71
Q

Adult brain structure that does Visual and auditory reflexes

A

(brainstem) Midbrain

72
Q

Adult brain structure that does Tuning basic staying alive functions, eg tuning heart rate and blood pressure

A

(brainstem) Pons

73
Q

Adult brain structure that does Fine motor skills, balance & equilibrium, personality

A

Cerebellum

74
Q

Adult brain structure that does Setting basic staying alive functions, breathing, heartbeat, blood pressure

A

(brainstem) Medulla oblongata

75
Q

Gray matter in the brain is gray because of what

A

high concentration of neuron cell bodies which are gray

76
Q

White matter is white because why

A

high concentration of myelinated axons which are white

77
Q

Lobe that forms anterior part of the cerebral hemisphere, voluntary motor, planning, personality, decision-making, speech

A

frontal lobe

78
Q

Information bridge between the left and right hemispheres

A

corpus collosum

79
Q

Mnemonic for 12 cranial nerves

A

Oh Oh Oh To Touch And Feel Very Green Vegetables Ah Heavenly

80
Q

Mnemonic LR6, SO4, AO3 for eye muscle

A

lateral rectus 6, superior oblique 4, all others 3

81
Q

List 12 cranial nerves

A

Olfactory, Optic, Oculomotor, Trochlear, Trigeminal, Abducens, Facial, Vestibulocochlear, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, Accessory, Hypoglossal

82
Q

Function (S,M,B) of Olfactory nerve

83
Q

Function (S,M,B) of Optic nerve

84
Q

Function (S,M,B) of Oculomotor nerve

A

M, most eye movement

85
Q

Function (S,M,B) of Trochlear nerve

A

M, superior oblique MM

86
Q

Function (S,M,B) of Trigeminal nerve

A

S, sensory from face. M, MM for mastication

87
Q

Function (S,M,B) of Abducens nerve

A

M, lateral rectus MM

88
Q

Function (S,M,B) of Facial nerve

A

S, taste ant. 2/3 of tongue. M, MM of facial expression

89
Q

Function (S,M,B) of Vestibulocochlear nerve

A

S, hearing and equilibrium

90
Q

Function (S,M,B) of Glossopharyngeal nerve

A

S, taste post. 1/3 of tongue. M, MM of facial expression

91
Q

Function (S,M,B) of Vagus nerve

A

S, most visceral sensory. M, 75-90% of autonomic motor

92
Q

Function (S,M,B) of Accessory nerve

A

M, MM of neck

93
Q

Function (S,M,B) of Hypoglossal nerve

A

M, MM of tongue

94
Q

Cranial meninges from deep to superficial

A

pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater

95
Q

Deep, delicate meninx of the brain, wraps directly to the surface of the brain

96
Q

Middle layer of meninges, creates spaces for the CSF in the brain

A

arachnoid mater

97
Q

Most superficial, toughest layer of the meninges of the brain

A

dura mater

98
Q

Inflammation of the meninges, headache, fever, neck pain

A

meningitis

99
Q

Created by the dura mater, double layers of dura mater, extend as flat partitions into the cranial cavity

A

Dural septa

100
Q

Four locations of dural septa

A

Falx cerebri, Tentorium cerebelli, Falx cerebelli, Diaphragma sellae

101
Q

Sickle-like fold of the dural septa that extends into the longitudinal fissure of the left and right hemispheres of the brain

A

Falx cerebri

102
Q

An extension of the dura mater that separates the cerebellum from the inferior portion of the occipital lobes

A

Tentorium cerebelli

103
Q

Small sickle shaped fold of dura mater, projecting forwards into the posterior cerebellar notch as well as projecting into the vallecula of the cerebellum between the two cerebellar hemispheres

A

Falx cerebelli

104
Q

Extension of the dura mater that sits over the sella turcica and protects the pituitary gland

A

Diaphragma sellae

105
Q

Cavities within the brain

A

ventricles

106
Q

Communication conduit between the third and fourth ventricle

A

Cerebral aqueduct

107
Q

Fluid important for buoyancy, protection, and environmental stability

A

cerebrospinal fluid

108
Q

Property of CSF that makes brain float, reduces apparent weight by 95%, prevents collapse of brain through foramen magnum

109
Q

Property of CSF that provides liquid cushion, protects delicate structures from sudden movement protection

A

protection

110
Q

Property of CSF that describes removal of waste products

A

environmental stability

111
Q

Cluster of ependymal cells and blood vessels that create CSF

A

choroid plexus

112
Q

Type of cell that circulates CSF

A

ependymal cells

113
Q

Pathologic condition of excessive CSF, leads to brain distortion, headaches, neurological issues, can be treated surgically with implanted shunt

A

hydrocephalus

114
Q

Condition of lack of development of an upper brain, cerebrum is not formed in fetus

A

Anencephaly

115
Q

Cells that create the blood-brain barrier

A

astrocytes

116
Q

Barrier between the brain and the blood, stop certain things from crossing over

A

blood brain barrier

117
Q

Types of compounds that can cross blood-brain barrier

A

lipid-soluble compounds eg alcohol, nicotine, etc

Anatomy and Physiology I (30 decks)

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