LB 4-13 Flashcards by Brad H

What are the four major regions of the brain

the cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem, and cerebellum

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Five lobes of the brain

Frontal lobe, Parietal lobe, Occipital lobe, Temporal lobe, Insula

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Acute brain damage that occurs as a result of an accident or trauma

traumatic brain injury

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The most common type of TBI. It is characterized by temporary, abrupt loss of consciousness after a blow to the head or the sudden stop of a moving head. Headache, drowsiness, lack of concentration, confusion, and amnesia (memory loss) may occur

concussion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A TBI where there is bruising of the brain due to trauma that causes blood to leak from small vessels into the subarachnoid space (a fluid-filled space surrounding the brain)

Contusion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Where an individual experiences a second brain injury prior to the resolution of the first injury, and develops severe brain swelling and possible death as a result

Second Impact Syndrome

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the primary brain vesicles

prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Vesicle name for the forebrain

prosencephalon

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Vesicle name for the midbrain

mesencephalon

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Vesicle name for the hindbrain

rhombencephalon

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are secondary brain vesicles

telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The telencephalon arises from the _________ and eventually forms the ________

prosencephalon, cerebrum

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The diencephalon also derives from the _____, and it eventually forms the ________

prosencephalon; thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The mesencephalon is the only primary vesicle that (does/does not) form a new secondary vesicle. It becomes the__________.

does not, midbrain

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The metencephalon arises from the _______ and eventually forms the ________

rhombencephalon, pons and cerebellum

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The myelencephalon also derives from the ________, and it eventually forms the________

rhombencephalon, medulla oblongata

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Folds of brain tissue

gyri

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Shallow depressions between the gyri

sulci

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the function of CSF

buoyancy, protection, environmental stability

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

This barrier strictly regulates which substances can and cannot enter the interstitial fluid of the brain to help prevent exposure of neurons in the brain to drugs, waste products in the blood, and variations in levels of normal substances (e.g., ions, hormones) that could adversely affect brain function

blood brain barrier

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A hemorrhage that occurs in the subdural space between the dura mater and arachnoid mater

subdural hematoma

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

An inflammation of the meningeal coverings around the brain

meningitis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The meningeal layer of the dura mater extends as flat partitions into the cranial cavity at four locations. Collectively, these double layers of dura mater are called

cranial dural septa

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The largest of the four dural septa. This large, sickle-shaped vertical fold of dura mater is located in the midsagittal plane and projects into the longitudinal fissure between the left and right cerebral hemispheres. Anteriorly, its inferior portion attaches to the crista galli of the ethmoid bone; posteriorly, its inferior portion attaches to the internal occipital crest

falx cerebri

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A horizontally oriented fold of dura mater that separates both the occipital and temporal lobes of the cerebrum from the cerebellum

tentorium cerebelli

Extending into the midsagittal line inferior to the tentorium cerebelli is the_______, a sickle-shaped vertical partition that divides the left and right cerebellar hemispheres

falx cerebelli

The smallest of the dural septa. It forms a “roof” over the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone. A small opening within it allows for the passage of a thin stalk, called the infundibulum, that attaches the pituitary gland to the base of the hypothalamus

diaphragma sellae

Cavities or expansions within the brain that are derived from the neural canal, lined with ependymal cells and contain cerebrospinal fluid, connected with one another as well as with the central canal of the spinal cord

brain ventricles

Name the four ventricles of the brain

two lateral ventricles in the cerebrum, third ventricle within the diencephalon, fourth ventricle between the pons, medulla oblongata, and cerebellum

Thin medial partition separating the two lateral ventricles in the cerebrum

septum pellucidum?

The opening connecting the two lateral ventricles in the cerebrum with the third ventricle in the diencephalon

interventricular foramen

The narrow canal that passes through the midbrain and connects the third ventricle with the sickle-shaped fourth ventricle

cerebral aqueduct

What forms CSF

ependymal cells in the choroid plexus in the brain

How does CSF circulate

through the ventricles into the subarachnoid space

Pathologic condition of excessive CSF

hydrocephalus

Part of the brain sandwiched between the inferior regions of the cerebral hemispheres, referred to as the “in-between brain,” provides the relay centers for some sensory and motor pathways, and for control of visceral activities

diencephalon

Components of diencephalon

epithalamus, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus

Connects the cerebrum, diencephalon, and cerebellum to the spinal cord

brainstem

Three regions that form the brainstem from superior to inferior

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

Four major regions of the brain

cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem, cerebellum

Raised folds of the outer surface of the brain

gyri

Shallow depressions on the surface of the brain

sulci

Deeper grooves on the surface of the brain

fissures

Acute brain damage occurring as a result of trauma

traumatic brain injury

Most common type of TBI, has cumulative effect of each successive _______, temporary loss of consciousness after blow to the heads, headache, confusion, loss of memory, drowsiness possible

concussion

Bruising to the brain usually associated with concussion

contusion

Individual with second injury prior to resolution of the first trauma

second impact syndrome

Botox does what in the nerves

stops acetylcholine from being released into the synaptic knob

At about 8-10 weeks, this first structure of the fetus begins to develop that is different than the other structures around it that becomes the nervous system

neural tube

Three primary brain vesicles

Prosencephalon, Mesencephalon, Rhombencephalon

Term for the primary brain vesicle, forebrain

prosencephalon

Term for the primary brain vesicle, midbrain

mesencephalon

Term for the primary brain vesicle, hindbrain

rhombencephalon

Vitamin required for the development of the neural tube in fetuses

folic acid

Deficiency in folic acid may result in what birth defect

spina bifida

Prosencephalon develops into what two secondary brain vesicles

Telencephalon, Diencephalon

Mesencephalon develops into what secondary brain vesicle

Mesencephalon

Rhombencephalon develops into what secondary brain vesicles

Metencephalon, Myelencephalon

Telencephalon develops into what adult brain structure

cerebrum

Diencephalon develops into what adult brain structure

diencephalon composed of epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus

Mesencephalon develops into what adult brain structure

midbrain (brainstem)

Metencephalon develops into what two adult brain structures

Pons (brainstem) and cerebellum

Myelencephalon develops into what adult brain structure

Medulla oblongata (brainstem)

Adult brain structure cerebrum and diencephalon develops from what primary brain vesicle

proencephalon

Adult brain structure midbrain and diencephalon develops from what primary brain vesicle

mesencephalon

Adult brain structure pons, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata develops from what primary brain vesicle

rhombencephalon

Adult brain structure that does consciousness, voluntary motor, thinking, higher order functions

cerebrum

Adult brain structure that does sleep/wake cycles

epithalamus

Adult brain structure that does relay center, filters information

thamalus

Adult brain structure that does master control of endocrine function and homeostasis

hypothalamus

Adult brain structure that does Visual and auditory reflexes

(brainstem) Midbrain

Adult brain structure that does Tuning basic staying alive functions, eg tuning heart rate and blood pressure

(brainstem) Pons

Adult brain structure that does Fine motor skills, balance & equilibrium, personality

Cerebellum

Adult brain structure that does Setting basic staying alive functions, breathing, heartbeat, blood pressure

(brainstem) Medulla oblongata

Gray matter in the brain is gray because of what

high concentration of neuron cell bodies which are gray

White matter is white because why

high concentration of myelinated axons which are white

Lobe that forms anterior part of the cerebral hemisphere, voluntary motor, planning, personality, decision-making, speech

frontal lobe

Information bridge between the left and right hemispheres

corpus collosum

Mnemonic for 12 cranial nerves

Oh Oh Oh To Touch And Feel Very Green Vegetables Ah Heavenly

Mnemonic LR6, SO4, AO3 for eye muscle

lateral rectus 6, superior oblique 4, all others 3

List 12 cranial nerves

Olfactory, Optic, Oculomotor, Trochlear, Trigeminal, Abducens, Facial, Vestibulocochlear, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, Accessory, Hypoglossal

Function (S,M,B) of Olfactory nerve

S, Smell

Function (S,M,B) of Optic nerve

S, Vision

Function (S,M,B) of Oculomotor nerve

M, most eye movement

Function (S,M,B) of Trochlear nerve

M, superior oblique MM

Function (S,M,B) of Trigeminal nerve

S, sensory from face. M, MM for mastication

Function (S,M,B) of Abducens nerve

M, lateral rectus MM

Function (S,M,B) of Facial nerve

S, taste ant. 2/3 of tongue. M, MM of facial expression

Function (S,M,B) of Vestibulocochlear nerve

S, hearing and equilibrium

Function (S,M,B) of Glossopharyngeal nerve

S, taste post. 1/3 of tongue. M, MM of facial expression

Function (S,M,B) of Vagus nerve

S, most visceral sensory. M, 75-90% of autonomic motor

Function (S,M,B) of Accessory nerve

M, MM of neck

Function (S,M,B) of Hypoglossal nerve

M, MM of tongue

Cranial meninges from deep to superficial

pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater

Deep, delicate meninx of the brain, wraps directly to the surface of the brain

pia mater

Middle layer of meninges, creates spaces for the CSF in the brain

arachnoid mater

Most superficial, toughest layer of the meninges of the brain

dura mater

Inflammation of the meninges, headache, fever, neck pain

meningitis

Created by the dura mater, double layers of dura mater, extend as flat partitions into the cranial cavity

Dural septa

Four locations of dural septa

Falx cerebri, Tentorium cerebelli, Falx cerebelli, Diaphragma sellae

Sickle-like fold of the dural septa that extends into the longitudinal fissure of the left and right hemispheres of the brain

Falx cerebri

An extension of the dura mater that separates the cerebellum from the inferior portion of the occipital lobes

Tentorium cerebelli

Small sickle shaped fold of dura mater, projecting forwards into the posterior cerebellar notch as well as projecting into the vallecula of the cerebellum between the two cerebellar hemispheres

Falx cerebelli

Extension of the dura mater that sits over the sella turcica and protects the pituitary gland

Diaphragma sellae

Cavities within the brain

ventricles

Communication conduit between the third and fourth ventricle

Cerebral aqueduct

Fluid important for buoyancy, protection, and environmental stability

cerebrospinal fluid

Property of CSF that makes brain float, reduces apparent weight by 95%, prevents collapse of brain through foramen magnum

buoyancy

Property of CSF that provides liquid cushion, protects delicate structures from sudden movement protection

protection

Property of CSF that describes removal of waste products

environmental stability

Cluster of ependymal cells and blood vessels that create CSF

choroid plexus

Type of cell that circulates CSF

ependymal cells

Pathologic condition of excessive CSF, leads to brain distortion, headaches, neurological issues, can be treated surgically with implanted shunt

hydrocephalus

Condition of lack of development of an upper brain, cerebrum is not formed in fetus

Anencephaly

Cells that create the blood-brain barrier

astrocytes

Barrier between the brain and the blood, stop certain things from crossing over

blood brain barrier

Types of compounds that can cross blood-brain barrier

lipid-soluble compounds eg alcohol, nicotine, etc