Lec 43 Flashcards
How to go from a single cell to a multicellular organism
Cell reproduction from the beginning of development
Cell differentiation/maturation (basic cell to specialized cell)
Transcription factors
Turn on specific genes
Turn off other genes to allow for differentiation
Stem cells
Cells that can both reproduce and differentiate
Embryonic stem cells are
Pluripotent
Can become any cell type and reproduce
200 cell types in total
`Stem cells are found
IN tissues and organs where cell reproduction occurs
Bone marrow stem cells
Adult stem cells can become of RBCs or 8 types of WBCs
Multipotent
Multipotent
Can become one or more related cells but not all types of cells
Skin stem cells
Can only become a skin cell but can mature and reproduce
skin cells life cycle
Formed on the dermis and slowly moves up to the epidermis where it dies
Horizontal skin cells make
two stem cells
Vertical skin cells make
one stem cell and one skin cell
Gut stem cells
Stem cells at base of the villi can become any one of the 4 types of gut cells
Using embryonic stem (ES) cells
Sacrifice the embryo to culture cells to turn them into a specific cell and perform research on them
Using embryonic stem (ES) cells
mechanism
Add TFs for a specific cell so it becomes that type of cell
Using skin stem cells
Used to treat burns and wounds
Use cells from elsewhere on the body to repair
Using skin stem cells
step 1
Harvest cells
Using skin stem cells
step 2
Transplant cells
Autograft
Transfer (self–>self)
Using bone marrow stem cells
Used to treat blood and bone marrow diseases
Allograft transplantation (Person a->person b)
Preferably a family member for donor
Procedure for bone marrow steam cell transplant
Cells are harvested from pelvis
and then transplanted into patient with a simple IV drip
Using cord blood stem cells
Umbilical cords being used
Umbilical cords contain a few blood stem cells
When a person is born the mother can donate the cord and stem cells can be harvested for research or an allograft for another child if needed
Private cord blood banks promise
autografts which do not work because you would be putting the disorder back into the infant
also costs 5k (yikes)
Promoted to treat all diseases but the stem cells being used will not work because blood stem cells are multipotent
Cannot treat an adult with a child amount of stem cells
Using induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells (in the future)
Stem cells taken from a donor to treat any disorder not just a specific one
Harvest skin cells because they are easy to obtain
Fool skin cells to make them think they are in the embryo, making them into iPS cells
can be fooled again to turn into any type of specialized cell by TFs
then put back into the person (autograft- good kind)
Can be used for research and treatment
