Lec 43

Question 1

How to go from a single cell to a multicellular organism

Answer 1

Cell reproduction from the beginning of development

Cell differentiation/maturation (basic cell to specialized cell)

Question 2

Transcription factors

Answer 2

Turn on specific genes

Turn off other genes to allow for differentiation

Question 3

Stem cells

Answer 3

Cells that can both reproduce and differentiate

Question 4

Embryonic stem cells are

Answer 4

Pluripotent

Can become any cell type and reproduce

200 cell types in total

Question 5

`Stem cells are found

Answer 5

IN tissues and organs where cell reproduction occurs

Question 6

Bone marrow stem cells

Answer 6

Adult stem cells can become of RBCs or 8 types of WBCs

Multipotent

Question 7

Multipotent

Answer 7

Can become one or more related cells but not all types of cells

Question 8

Skin stem cells

Answer 8

Can only become a skin cell but can mature and reproduce

Question 9

skin cells life cycle

Answer 9

Formed on the dermis and slowly moves up to the epidermis where it dies

Question 10

Horizontal skin cells make

Answer 10

two stem cells

Question 11

Vertical skin cells make

Answer 11

one stem cell and one skin cell

Question 12

Gut stem cells

Answer 12

Stem cells at base of the villi can become any one of the 4 types of gut cells

Question 13

Using embryonic stem (ES) cells

Answer 13

Sacrifice the embryo to culture cells to turn them into a specific cell and perform research on them

Question 14

Using embryonic stem (ES) cells

mechanism

Answer 14

Add TFs for a specific cell so it becomes that type of cell

Question 15

Using skin stem cells

Answer 15

Used to treat burns and wounds

Use cells from elsewhere on the body to repair

Question 16

Using skin stem cells

step 1

Answer 16

Harvest cells

Question 17

Using skin stem cells

step 2

Answer 17

Transplant cells

Question 18

Autograft

Answer 18

Transfer (self–>self)

Question 19

Using bone marrow stem cells

Answer 19

Used to treat blood and bone marrow diseases

Allograft transplantation (Person a->person b)

Preferably a family member for donor

Question 20

Procedure for bone marrow steam cell transplant

Answer 20

Cells are harvested from pelvis

and then transplanted into patient with a simple IV drip

Question 21

Using cord blood stem cells

Answer 21

Umbilical cords being used

Umbilical cords contain a few blood stem cells

When a person is born the mother can donate the cord and stem cells can be harvested for research or an allograft for another child if needed

Question 22

Private cord blood banks promise

Answer 22

autografts which do not work because you would be putting the disorder back into the infant

also costs 5k (yikes)

Promoted to treat all diseases but the stem cells being used will not work because blood stem cells are multipotent

Cannot treat an adult with a child amount of stem cells

Question 23

Using induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells (in the future)

Answer 23

Stem cells taken from a donor to treat any disorder not just a specific one

Harvest skin cells because they are easy to obtain

Fool skin cells to make them think they are in the embryo, making them into iPS cells

can be fooled again to turn into any type of specialized cell by TFs

then put back into the person (autograft- good kind)

Can be used for research and treatment