Lec 34 Flashcards
Adenaline
Epinephrine
Signal molecule
Adrenaline origin
Adrenal gland
Adrenaline actions
Increases blood pressure, heart rate, and metabolism
Endocrine signaling overview
Endocrine cell releases hormone that enters the bloodstream and lands on a receptor of the target cell
Cell surface receptors
Receptor on the surface receives signal molecule and causes an effect on the target cell
G coupled protein receptor includes
Receptor
G protein
Enzyme
all inactive before a signal
When a signal arrives
Activates receptor which activates the enzyme which leads to the enzyme synthesizing a molecule
Kinase
Kinases put phosphates onto target proteins
Purpose of phosphorylation
Activating a target protein
How kinases work
Are either on at a high level or have zero activity
How a target cell becomes inactive
Phosphatase (opposite of kinase)
Phosphatase is always
Active
Kinase is
Not always activated
Adrenaline signaling purpose
Fight or flight
Adrenaline activation
It is released by the adrenal glands on top of the kidneys
Released by regulated exocytosis
Reaches adrenaline receptor which activates G protein which activates Adenylyl Cyclase enzyme
Which then makes cyclic AMP from ATP
cAMP prupose
Activates Protein Kinase A
PKA
Phosphorylates certain target proteins
Liver cells PKA response
Break down glycogen
Skeletal muscle cells PKA response
Breaks down glycogen to make ATP
Heart pacemaker cell PKA
Increase action potentials to increase heart rate
Deactivation of adrenaline
Removal of adrenaline by diffusion, degradation, and uptake
Turns off Adrenaline Receptor, G protein, and Adenylyl Cyclase enzyme
cAMP however still remains
cAMP removal
Phosphodiesterase (PDEs) break it down into AMP
Medical significance of adrenaline signal system
EpiPens
EpiPens
Injections of adrenaline to treat severe allergic reactions
