Last stuff for Exam 1: Last part of Ch3 : Electrophysiology

Question 1

message sender

Answer 1

presynaptic neuron

Question 2

message

Answer 2

neurotransmitters in vesicles

Question 3

message receiver

Answer 3

postsynaptic neuron

Question 4

synapse

Answer 4

gap between the pre and postsynaptic neurons

Question 5

Sequence of synaptic transmission: 1st step

Answer 5

action potential arrives at the axon terminal

Question 6

Synaptic transmission: 2nd step

Answer 6

Voltage-gated Ca channels open and Ca2+ ions enter cell

• Ca channels only open if axon terminal is depolarized
• like preheating an oven (needs to be preheated before you cook)

Question 7

Synaptic transmission: 3rd step

Answer 7

Synaptic vesicles fuse with membrane and release neurotransmitters to cleft
- exocytosis

Question 8

Synaptic transmission: 4th step

Answer 8

transmitter crosses cleft and binds to postsynaptic neuron

Question 9

Synaptic transmission: 5th step

Answer 9

ion flow causes IPSP (hyperpolarizes) or EPSP (depolarizes)

Question 10

Synaptic transmission: 6th step

Answer 10

transmitter inactivated by enzymes or removed by transporters - transmission is brief
- transmitter may activate presynaptic auto receptors, decrease to release

Question 11

each neuron will primarily release ______ neurotransmitter/s

Answer 11

ONE

Question 12

general term for molecules that fit into receptors and activate or block them
- can be endogenous or exogenous

Answer 12

ligand

Question 13

endogenous ligand

Answer 13

neurotransmitter, natural ligand

ex: acetylcholine

Question 14

exogenous ligand

Answer 14

take externally like a drug

ex: cigarettes

Question 15

dendrites contain lots of these
“lock and key”
each neuron can have many different types of these

Answer 15

receptors

Question 16

receptors have ____

Answer 16

neuroplasticity

Question 17

up-regulation neuroplasticity

Answer 17

increase in number of receptors

Question 18

down-regulation neuroplasticity

Answer 18

decrease in number of receptors

Question 19

What can effect neuroplasticity

Answer 19

• changes in developmental period in sensitivity and number
• learning
• drug use

Question 20

receptors respond to ____

Answer 20

only one neurotransmitter

ex: you can have many diff locks, but only 1 key fits in each

Question 21

open when bound by a transmitter
aka ligand gated ion channel
binding of neurotransmitter opens pore of ion channel
- other ions go into cell but NOT neurotransmitter

Answer 21

ionotropic receptors

Question 22

activate G proteins when bound by a transmitter

Answer 22

Metabotropic receptors

Question 23

these open channels or activate another chemical to affect ion channels
- other chemical = second messenger that helps open/close channels

Answer 23

G proteins

Question 24

axo-dendritic

Answer 24

axon terminal synapses on dendrite

Question 25

axo-somatic

Answer 25

axon terminal synapses on cell body (soma)

Question 26

axo-axonic

Answer 26

synapse between 2 axons

Question 27

dendro-dendritic

Answer 27

synapse between 2 dendrites

Question 28

retrograde signaling

Answer 28

sometimes messages go backwards (comes from postsynaptic to the presynaptic)
- gas CO2 or NO signals presynaptic cell to release neurotransmitter

Question 29

axon potential jumps directly to the postsynaptic neuron

- NO neurotransmitter/chemical signal involved

Answer 29

Electrical synapse (gap junction)

Question 30

Electrical synapses: ions flow through large channels known as ____
VERY fast

Answer 30

connexons

Question 31

simple series of neurons

Answer 31

neural chain

Question 32

example of a neuron chain

Answer 32

knee-jerk reflex