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Neuroscience I > Last stuff for Exam 1: Ch 4 Neurotransmitter > Flashcards

Last stuff for Exam 1: Ch 4 Neurotransmitter Flashcards

1
Q

focuses on the basic chemical composition and processes of nervous system

A

neurochemistry

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2
Q

study of compounds that selectively affect the nervous system
- what do drugs do to nervous system

A

neuropharmacology

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3
Q

each neuron typically makes only _____ neurotransmitter

A

ONE

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4
Q

some neurons contain more than one type of neurotransmitter

- usually a neurotransmitter and a neuropeptide

A

co-localization

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5
Q

neurotransmitters and neuropeptides in the same vesicles, and both of them are released at the same time

A

co-release

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6
Q

stored individually in own vesicles

- can have diff sensitivities, release at same or diff times

A

co-transmission

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7
Q

2 terminal buttons, one in each

A

co-transmission

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8
Q

receptors determine whether a neurotransmitter is ______ or ______

A

excitatory or inhibitory

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9
Q

a single neurotransmitter may affect multiple

A

receptor subtypes

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10
Q

4 types of neurotransmitters

A

amine, amino acid, peptide, gas

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11
Q

amine neurotransmitters

A

acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin

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12
Q

amino acid neurotransmitters

A

GABA, glutamate

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13
Q

peptide neurotransmitters

A

short chain amino acids, neuropeptides

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14
Q

gas neurotransmitters

A

soluble gases: nitric oxide, carbon dioxide

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15
Q

the first neurotransmitter recognized

A

acetylcholine

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16
Q

cholinergic

A

neurons that use Ach (acetylcholine)

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17
Q

where are acetylcholine neuron cell bodies located?

A

basal forebrain, striatum, pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN)

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18
Q

basal forebrain

A

multiple brain regions together, all over cortex

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19
Q

striatum

A

interneurons

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20
Q

pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN)

A

in brainstem, sends axons to cerebellum, pons, medulla, midbrain, striatum

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21
Q

functions of cholinergic system

A

neuromuscular junctions
autonomic nervous system
central nervous system

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22
Q

cholinergic: neuromuscular junction

A

muscles contract, move around

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23
Q

cholinergic: autonomic nervous system

A

role in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic

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24
Q

cholinergic: central nervous system

A

cognitive behavior: memory/attention

- balance and coordination (PPN)

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25
Q

acetylcholine synthesis

A

Ach formed from choline and acetyl CoA

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26
Q

what catalyzes acetylcholine synthesis

A

choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)

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27
Q

Ach is stored in _____ at axon terminals

A

vesicles

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28
Q

Ach moved into vesicles by ______

A

vesicular Ach transporters (VAchT)

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29
Q

Inactivation of acetylcholine

A

acetylcholinesterase (AChE) breaks Ach down into choline and acetate

  • choline transported back into cell for reuse
  • NO reuptake mechanism for Ach - 100% broken down
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30
Q

two ACh receptors

A

nicotinic and muscarinic

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31
Q

Nicotinic receptors are ____

A

ionotropic

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32
Q

when ACh binds, the channel opens and Na+ cations enter neuron or muscle cell
- mediate fast excitatory responses in CNS and PNS

A

nicotinic receptors

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33
Q

Muscarinic receptors are ____

A

metabotropic

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34
Q

5 types of muscarinic receptors

A

M1-M5

35
Q

excitatory muscarinic receptors

A

M1, M3, M5

- when they bind it depolarizes cell causing an EPSP, making it more likely an action potential will occur

36
Q

inhibitory muscarinic receptors

A

M2 and M4

37
Q

two types of monoamine neurotransmitters

A

serotonin and dopamine

38
Q

catecholamines

A

dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine

39
Q

indoleamines

A

melatonin and serotonin

40
Q

what amino acid is involved in catecholamine synthesis?

A

tyrosine

41
Q

what enzymes are found in neurons that make dopamine?

A

tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC)

42
Q

Rate limiting enzyme in catecholamine synthesis?

A

TH (tyrosine hydroxylase)

43
Q

Neurons that synthesize dopamine also have dopamine _____

A

beta - hydroxylase (DBH)

44
Q

Catecholamine pathway

A

TH turns tyrosine to LDOPA turned to dopamine by AADC

- if has DBH dopamine can be converted to norepinephrine

45
Q

catecholamines are packaged into vesicles by the

A

vesicular monoamine transporters (VMAT)

46
Q

if dopamine and norepinephrine are not protected they get broken down and can cause

A

sedation and depression

47
Q

Inactivation of catecholamine

A

reuptake or enzymatic breakdown

48
Q

dopamine transporter and norepinephrine transporter bring DA and NE back into cell

  • molecules then repackage into vesicles or broken down
  • repackaged by VMAT
A

reuptake of catecholamine

49
Q

enzymatic degradation of catecholamine (2 enzymes)

A 
catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)
monoamine oxidase (MAO)
50
Q

dopamine is found on neurons in

A

mesostriatal pathway (nigrostriatal)

51
Q

important in motor control

  • neuronal loss is a cause of PD
  • axons go to striatum
A

mesostriatal pathway

52
Q

dopamine mesostriatal pathway cell bodies located in the

A

substantia nigra

53
Q

involved in reward, reinforcement, and learning

  • abnormalities associated with schizophrenia
  • motivation
  • axons go to cortex, nucleus accumbens (limbic system)
A

mesolimbic and mesocortical DA pathways

54
Q

where are the cell bodies of the mesolimbic and mesocortical da pathways located

A

ventral tegmental area (VTA)

55
Q

Two families of dopamine receptors

A

D1 and D2

56
Q

D1

A

excitatory

includes D1 and D5

57
Q

D2

A

inhibitory

includes D2, D3, D4

58
Q

DA auto receptors

A

inhibitory
D2 receptor
presynaptic only

59
Q

cells producing norepinephrine are referred to as

A

noradrenergic

60
Q

where are norepinephrine cell bodies located

A

brainstem:

  • locus coeruleus in the pons
  • lateral tegmental system in midbrain
61
Q

where are NE axons?

A

brain - amygdala, hypothalamus

- modulates mood, arousal, sexual behavior

62
Q

All NE and DA receptors are?

A

metabotropic

63
Q

NE noradrenergic receptor subtypes (2)

A

alpha and beta

64
Q

NE alpha receptors

A

alpha 1 and 2

65
Q

NE alpha 1

A

excitatory

66
Q

NE alpha 2

A

inhibitory

- the auto receptor when found presynaptically

67
Q

Beta NE receptors

A

B1, B2, B3

ALL excitatory

68
Q

serotonin

A

indolamine - has own biosynthetic pathway

69
Q

where are most serotonin cell bodies located?

A 
raphe nuclei (brainstem) 
- axons widely distributed in brain
70
Q

5-HT is implicated in

A

sleep states, mood, sexual behavior, anxiety

71
Q

how do antidepressants effect serotonin?

A

they increase 5-HT activity

72
Q

what amino acid helps synthesize serotonin?

A

tryptophan

73
Q

what is the first step of serotonin synthesis?

A

tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) converts tryptophan to 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP)

74
Q

what is the second step of serotonin synthesis?

A

aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) converts 5-HTP to 5-HT

75
Q

what does AADC do?

A

converts 5-HTP to 5-HT (serotonin)

converts LDOPA to dopamine

76
Q

serotonin is transported into vesicles by

A

VMAT 2 (vesicular monoamine transporter)

77
Q

serotonin inactivation 2 ways

A

reuptake, enzymatic breakdown

78
Q

5-HT removed from synaptic cleft by 5-HT transporter (SERT)

A

reuptake of serotonin

79
Q

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)

A

antidepressants

- block serotonin reuptake, lets it float in synapse longer

80
Q

breakdown of 5-HT is catalyzed by

A

monoamine oxidase (MAO) like NE and DA

81
Q

receptor families with inhibitory effects

A

5-HT1 and 5-HT5

82
Q

only ionotropic receptor

A

5-HT3

83
Q

serotonin auto receptor

A

5-HT1A

Neuroscience I (32 decks)

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