Last stuff for Exam 1: Ch 4 Neurotransmitter

Question 1

focuses on the basic chemical composition and processes of nervous system

Answer 1

neurochemistry

Question 2

study of compounds that selectively affect the nervous system
- what do drugs do to nervous system

Answer 2

neuropharmacology

Question 3

each neuron typically makes only _____ neurotransmitter

Answer 3

ONE

Question 4

some neurons contain more than one type of neurotransmitter

- usually a neurotransmitter and a neuropeptide

Answer 4

co-localization

Question 5

neurotransmitters and neuropeptides in the same vesicles, and both of them are released at the same time

Answer 5

co-release

Question 6

stored individually in own vesicles

- can have diff sensitivities, release at same or diff times

Answer 6

co-transmission

Question 7

2 terminal buttons, one in each

Answer 7

co-transmission

Question 8

receptors determine whether a neurotransmitter is ______ or ______

Answer 8

excitatory or inhibitory

Question 9

a single neurotransmitter may affect multiple

Answer 9

receptor subtypes

Question 10

4 types of neurotransmitters

Answer 10

amine, amino acid, peptide, gas

Question 11

amine neurotransmitters

Answer 11

acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin

Question 12

amino acid neurotransmitters

Answer 12

GABA, glutamate

Question 13

peptide neurotransmitters

Answer 13

short chain amino acids, neuropeptides

Question 14

gas neurotransmitters

Answer 14

soluble gases: nitric oxide, carbon dioxide

Question 15

the first neurotransmitter recognized

Answer 15

acetylcholine

Question 16

cholinergic

Answer 16

neurons that use Ach (acetylcholine)

Question 17

where are acetylcholine neuron cell bodies located?

Answer 17

basal forebrain, striatum, pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN)

Question 18

basal forebrain

Answer 18

multiple brain regions together, all over cortex

Question 19

striatum

Answer 19

interneurons

Question 20

pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN)

Answer 20

in brainstem, sends axons to cerebellum, pons, medulla, midbrain, striatum

Question 21

functions of cholinergic system

Answer 21

neuromuscular junctions
autonomic nervous system
central nervous system

Question 22

cholinergic: neuromuscular junction

Answer 22

muscles contract, move around

Question 23

cholinergic: autonomic nervous system

Answer 23

role in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 24

cholinergic: central nervous system

Answer 24

cognitive behavior: memory/attention

- balance and coordination (PPN)

Question 25

acetylcholine synthesis

Answer 25

Ach formed from choline and acetyl CoA

Question 26

what catalyzes acetylcholine synthesis

Answer 26

choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)

Question 27

Ach is stored in _____ at axon terminals

Answer 27

vesicles

Question 28

Ach moved into vesicles by ______

Answer 28

vesicular Ach transporters (VAchT)

Question 29

Inactivation of acetylcholine

Answer 29

acetylcholinesterase (AChE) breaks Ach down into choline and acetate - choline transported back into cell for reuse - NO reuptake mechanism for Ach - 100% broken down

Question 30

two ACh receptors

Answer 30

nicotinic and muscarinic

Question 31

Nicotinic receptors are ____

Answer 31

ionotropic

Question 32

when ACh binds, the channel opens and Na+ cations enter neuron or muscle cell - mediate fast excitatory responses in CNS and PNS

Answer 32

nicotinic receptors

Question 33

Muscarinic receptors are ____

Answer 33

metabotropic

Question 34

5 types of muscarinic receptors

Answer 34

M1-M5

Question 35

excitatory muscarinic receptors

Answer 35

M1, M3, M5 | - when they bind it depolarizes cell causing an EPSP, making it more likely an action potential will occur

Question 36

inhibitory muscarinic receptors

Answer 36

M2 and M4

Question 37

two types of monoamine neurotransmitters

Answer 37

serotonin and dopamine

Question 38

catecholamines

Answer 38

dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine

Question 39

indoleamines

Answer 39

melatonin and serotonin

Question 40

what amino acid is involved in catecholamine synthesis?

Answer 40

tyrosine

Question 41

what enzymes are found in neurons that make dopamine?

Answer 41

tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC)

Question 42

Rate limiting enzyme in catecholamine synthesis?

Answer 42

TH (tyrosine hydroxylase)

Question 43

Neurons that synthesize dopamine also have dopamine _____

Answer 43

beta - hydroxylase (DBH)

Question 44

Catecholamine pathway

Answer 44

TH turns tyrosine to LDOPA turned to dopamine by AADC | - if has DBH dopamine can be converted to norepinephrine

Question 45

catecholamines are packaged into vesicles by the

Answer 45

vesicular monoamine transporters (VMAT)

Question 46

if dopamine and norepinephrine are not protected they get broken down and can cause

Answer 46

sedation and depression

Question 47

Inactivation of catecholamine

Answer 47

reuptake or enzymatic breakdown

Question 48

dopamine transporter and norepinephrine transporter bring DA and NE back into cell - molecules then repackage into vesicles or broken down - repackaged by VMAT

Answer 48

reuptake of catecholamine

Question 49

enzymatic degradation of catecholamine (2 enzymes)

Answer 49

``` catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) monoamine oxidase (MAO) ```

Question 50

dopamine is found on neurons in

Answer 50

mesostriatal pathway (nigrostriatal)

Question 51

important in motor control - neuronal loss is a cause of PD - axons go to striatum

Answer 51

mesostriatal pathway

Question 52

dopamine mesostriatal pathway cell bodies located in the

Answer 52

substantia nigra

Question 53

involved in reward, reinforcement, and learning - abnormalities associated with schizophrenia - motivation - axons go to cortex, nucleus accumbens (limbic system)

Answer 53

mesolimbic and mesocortical DA pathways

Question 54

where are the cell bodies of the mesolimbic and mesocortical da pathways located

Answer 54

ventral tegmental area (VTA)

Question 55

Two families of dopamine receptors

Answer 55

D1 and D2

Question 56

D1

Answer 56

excitatory | includes D1 and D5

Question 57

D2

Answer 57

inhibitory | includes D2, D3, D4

Question 58

DA auto receptors

Answer 58

inhibitory D2 receptor presynaptic only

Question 59

cells producing norepinephrine are referred to as

Answer 59

noradrenergic

Question 60

where are norepinephrine cell bodies located

Answer 60

brainstem: - locus coeruleus in the pons - lateral tegmental system in midbrain

Question 61

where are NE axons?

Answer 61

brain - amygdala, hypothalamus | - modulates mood, arousal, sexual behavior

Question 62

All NE and DA receptors are?

Answer 62

metabotropic

Question 63

NE noradrenergic receptor subtypes (2)

Answer 63

alpha and beta

Question 64

NE alpha receptors

Answer 64

alpha 1 and 2

Question 65

NE alpha 1

Answer 65

excitatory

Question 66

NE alpha 2

Answer 66

inhibitory | - the auto receptor when found presynaptically

Question 67

Beta NE receptors

Answer 67

B1, B2, B3 | ALL excitatory

Question 68

serotonin

Answer 68

indolamine - has own biosynthetic pathway

Question 69

where are most serotonin cell bodies located?

Answer 69

``` raphe nuclei (brainstem) - axons widely distributed in brain ```

Question 70

5-HT is implicated in

Answer 70

sleep states, mood, sexual behavior, anxiety

Question 71

how do antidepressants effect serotonin?

Answer 71

they increase 5-HT activity

Question 72

what amino acid helps synthesize serotonin?

Answer 72

tryptophan

Question 73

what is the first step of serotonin synthesis?

Answer 73

tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) converts tryptophan to 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP)

Question 74

what is the second step of serotonin synthesis?

Answer 74

aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) converts 5-HTP to 5-HT

Question 75

what does AADC do?

Answer 75

converts 5-HTP to 5-HT (serotonin) | converts LDOPA to dopamine

Question 76

serotonin is transported into vesicles by

Answer 76

VMAT 2 (vesicular monoamine transporter)

Question 77

serotonin inactivation 2 ways

Answer 77

reuptake, enzymatic breakdown

Question 78

5-HT removed from synaptic cleft by 5-HT transporter (SERT)

Answer 78

reuptake of serotonin

Question 79

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)

Answer 79

antidepressants | - block serotonin reuptake, lets it float in synapse longer

Question 80

breakdown of 5-HT is catalyzed by

Answer 80

monoamine oxidase (MAO) like NE and DA

Question 81

receptor families with inhibitory effects

Answer 81

5-HT1 and 5-HT5

Question 82

only ionotropic receptor

Answer 82

5-HT3

Question 83

serotonin auto receptor

Answer 83

5-HT1A