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Neuroscience I > Exam 3: Sleep Pt 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3: Sleep Pt 3 Flashcards

1
Q

sleep is an active state mediated by

A
  • a forebrain system: generates SWS
  • brainstem system: activates forebrain to wakefulness
  • pontine system (pons): triggers REM sleep
  • hypothalamic system : coordinates the other 3 systems
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2
Q

melatonin is produced by ___ in response to___

A

produced by pineal gland

in response to changes in light

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3
Q

light exposure to retina is relayed by ____ and inhibits ____

A

relayed by SCN

inhibits melatonin secretion

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4
Q

melatonin secretion is suppressed by

A

bright light and hence levels increase during the night

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5
Q

what do neurons use as their source of fuel

A

glucose

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6
Q

when neurons run out of glucose what do they look to?

A

astrocytes

- provide additional glucose by mobilizing glycogen from storage

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7
Q

what does the process of neurons needing astrocytes since no glucose produce?

A

adenosine - inhibitory neuromodulator

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8
Q

accumulation of adenosine increases…

A

delta waves

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9
Q

caffeine

A

adenosine antagonist

- blocks sleep signals from binding to receptors

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10
Q

acetylcholine system: where are cell bodies located? where do the axons project to?

A
  • cell bodies in basal forebrain and pons (PPN)

axons project to : cerebral cortex and brainstem

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11
Q

activation of Ach neurons produces behavioral activation and ____

A

cortical dysynchrony

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12
Q

high Ach during __ and __

A

wakefulness and REM sleep

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13
Q

Ach agonists vs Ach antagonists

A

Ach agonists: inc arousal

Ach antagonists: dec arousal

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14
Q

Norepinephrine neurons in ___ show high activity in wakefulness and low activity in sleep - zero in REM sleep

A

Locus Coeruleus (LC)

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15
Q

LC neurons play role in…

A

vigilance

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16
Q

Raphe nuclei in ____ wake up forebrain

A

reticular formation

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17
Q

electrical stimulation vs lesions to forebrain

A

electrical: wakes up animals
lesions: produces persistent sleep

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18
Q

serotonin may suppress what?

A

processing of sensory information preventing reactions that may disrupt ongoing activities

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19
Q

depression

A

low serotonin levels - extreme fatigue - not enough serotonin to keep you aroused

20
Q

histamine cell bodies are located…

A

in tuberomammillary nucleus of the hypothalamus

21
Q

where do histamine axons project to?

A

cerebellum, thalamus, basal ganglia, basal forebrain, hypothalamus

22
Q

cortical projections histamine

A

direct increase in cortical activation and arousal

basal forebrain projections- indirect through Ach-ergic neurons

23
Q

antihistamines

A

cause drowsiness as a side effect

24
Q

orexin

A

neuropeptide

aka hypocretin

25
Q

where are the cell bodies of orexin located

A

lateral hypothalamus

26
Q

where do the axons of orexin project to?

A
  • basal forebrain, raphe nuclei, tuberomamillary nuclues

- strongly excite cholinergic, NE, serotonergic, dopaminergic, histaminergic systems

27
Q

what does orexin promote and prevent

A

promote: wakefulness
inhibits: REM sleep
prevents: transition from wakefulness directly into REM sleep

28
Q

narcolepsy

A

degeneration of orexin neurons
- or low release of orexin
when they should be awake they randomly fall asleep - struggle to stay alert

29
Q

flip-flop circuit for sleep

A

results in sleep OR wakefulness - not both at same time

- brain regions responsible for sleep and awake states are mutually inhibitory

30
Q

main sleep controller

A

ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPA)

31
Q

group of GABA neurons in hypothalamus

A

VLPA

32
Q

what does activity in the VLPA suppress and promote?

A

suppress: alertness and arousal
promotes: sleep
- inc activity during sleep
- dec activity during wakefulness

33
Q

the constant SWS activity in the forebrain is generated by…

A

basal forebrain

- activated at onset of sleep, suppresses tuberomamillary nucleus

34
Q

neurons in the basal forebrain become active at sleep onset and release ______ which suppresses activity in the nearby _____

A

GABA

tuberomamillary nucleus

35
Q

what activates the cortex

A

reticular formation in the brainstem

36
Q

stimulation vs lesions to the reticular formation

A

stimulation: wakes up sleeping animals
lesions: produce persistent sleep

37
Q

what does the reticular formation increase in arousal systems

A

norepinephrine, serotonin, histamine

38
Q

what do the basal forebrain and reticular formation seem to guide the brain through

A

SWS and wakefulness

39
Q

the VLPA and major wakefulness promoting regions are reciprocally connected by …

A

inhibitory GABAergic neurons

40
Q

when the flip flop is in “wake” state arousal systems are ___ and VLPA is ____

A

active

inhibited

41
Q

when flip flop is in “sleep” state VLPA is ____ and arousal systems are ____

A

active

inhibited

42
Q

what does adenosine buildup disinhibit?

A

VLPA

43
Q

adenosine increases sleep pressure to shut down arousal which in turn turns on the ____

A

VLPA

44
Q

stabilize sleep/waking flip-flop through excitatory connections with wakefulness neurons

A

orexin neurons

- constant release of orexin when awake to lock in the aroused state

45
Q

what brain region triggers REM sleep

A

the subcoeruleus of the pons

46
Q

neurons of the subcoeruleus (3 things)

A
  • only active in REM sleep
  • inhibit motor neurons to keep them from firing in REM sleep (sleep paralysis, do not move body)
  • lesions prevent loss of muscle tone in REM sleep (start to act out dreams in REM - sleep walking)

Neuroscience I (32 decks)

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