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Neuroscience I > Exam 3: Homeostasis : Hunger > Flashcards

Exam 3: Homeostasis : Hunger Flashcards

1
Q

food supplies __ and __ needed for…

A

food supplies energy and nutrients needed for growth, maintenance, and repair of the body

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2
Q

nutrients stored in 2 types of reservoirs

A

short-term store and long-term store

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3
Q

glucose

A

principal sugar used for energy

especially in brain

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4
Q

Glycogen

A

complex carbohydrate made of glucose molecules

sored for short-term in liver and muscles

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5
Q

Glycogenesis

A

conversion of glucose to glycogen

regulated by pancreatic hormone, insulin

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6
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

conversion of glycogen to glucose

controlled by glucagon

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7
Q

Parts of short-term energy reservoir

A

glucose, glycogen, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis

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8
Q

lipids

A

fats for long-term storage

deposited in adipose tissue

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9
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

if food deprivation prolonged, this occurs

converts fats and proteins to glucose and ketones (form of fuel)

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10
Q

what does the brain prefer, glucose or ketones?

A

glucose

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11
Q

parts of long-term energy reservoir

A

lipids and gluconeogenesis

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12
Q

fasting phase vs absorptive phase

A

fasting: when digestive tract empty
absorptive: when tract is full

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13
Q

Intermittent fasting example

A

wait to not eat for hours on end to be able to pull from the long-term reservoir (prolonged food deprovation)

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14
Q

what does gut-brain axis control?

A

hunger and feeding behaviors

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15
Q

glucoprivation

A

drop in blood glucose levels

triggers hunger

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16
Q

information from glucodetectors in liver and mechanosensory receptors in stomach travel via ___ to the ____

A

vagus nerve

nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) in brainstem

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17
Q

nucleus of the solitary tract (NST)

A

receives and integrates appetite signals from many sources

- important in feeding behaviors

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18
Q

gastric distension detected by…

A

stomach

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19
Q

gut brain axis informs brain of …

A

glucose levels

efferent fibers to the pancreas modulate insulin release

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20
Q

hypothalamus

A

coordinates many systems to regulate hunger and feeding

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21
Q

dual center mode of appetite control(2)

A

lateral hypothalamus and ventral hypothalamus

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22
Q

lateral hypothalamus

A

promotes hunger

23
Q

ventral hypothalamus

A

regulates satiety

24
Q

lesions and excitability to lateral hypothalamus

A

lesion: animals stop eating
excitability: induced eating

25
Q

lesions and excitabaility in ventral hypothalamus

A

lesions: overeating
stimulation: suppressed eating

26
Q

where is the paraventricular nucleus (PVN)

A

ventral hypothalamus

27
Q

VMH

A

sexual behavior in females AND hunger and feeding role

28
Q

arcuate nucleus

A

contains an appetite controller governed by several hormones

29
Q

all peptides from gut and fat arrive here and modulate eating depending on if they are anorexigenic or orexigenic

A

arcuate nucleus

30
Q

2 sets of neurons the arcuate system relies on

A

POMC neurons

NPY neurons

31
Q

POMC neurons

A

inhibit appetite and raise metabolism promoting weight loss

- does not release POMC

32
Q

what do POMC neurons release into the lateral hypothalamus ?

A

alpha melanocyte-stimulating hormone

33
Q

NPY neurons

A

stimulate appetite directly and inhibit POMC neurons

34
Q

NPY neurons 2 functions

A
  • release NPY

- project to the PVN of ventromedial hypothalamus

35
Q

what are brainstem regions involved in when the pathway goes NPY to PVN

A

involved in autonomic nervous system functions

36
Q

what are brain regions involved in that go in pathway through POMC to lateral hypothalamus

A

involved in food seeking behavior

37
Q

ghrelin

A

released from GI system when digestive system is empty

38
Q

what does ghrelin bind to to stimulate eating behaviors

A

binds to receptors on NPY neurons in hypothalamus

39
Q

when are ghrelin levels a their highest?

A

when fasting

get sharp drop after eating

40
Q

what nervous system does ghrelin activate?

A

ANS - parasympathetic (rest and digest)

41
Q

ghrelin turns NPY on and what happens to the PVN?

A

it is turned off

42
Q

ghrelin goes from NPY neuron to POMC neuron turning POMC off so it cannot release alpha msh to lateral hypothalamus, what happens to the orexin neuron?

A

it is disinhibited and turned on

43
Q

orexin

A

peptide produced in the LH (lateral hypothalamus) that also increases feeding

44
Q

projections from arcuate go to 2 main areas, what are they?

A

orexigenic neurons and anorexigenic neurons

45
Q

orexigenic neurons

A

of lateral hypothalamus acts to increase appetite and food intake

46
Q

anorexigenic neurons

A

of paraventricular neurons act to decrease appetite and feeding

47
Q

where do orexin neuron axons project to?

A

brain regions involved in motivation and movement

- neocortex, PAG, RF, thalamus, and LC and spinal cord

48
Q

where do anorexigenic neurons project to?

A

brainstem regions (including NST) which regulates ANS function

49
Q

cholecystokinin (CCK)

A

intestines control rate of stomach emptying through release of CCK

  • directly suppresses eating by inhibiting the vagus
  • peptide released in response to the presence of fats
50
Q

Peptide YY3-36

A

released by small intestine after meal, proportional to calories ingested
- works in opposition to ghrelin
lots of calories = lots of PYY released

51
Q

CCK and PYY both signal

A

satiety

52
Q

long-term satiety signals from…

A

adipose tissue

53
Q

long-term satiety signal discovered in obese mouse ob/ob

A

fat cells are unable to produce hormone leptin

54
Q

anti-obesity hormone

A

increases metabolism decreases eating

- leads to false under recording of body fat composition

Neuroscience I (32 decks)

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