Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuroscience I > Exam 2 Material: Vision > Flashcards

Exam 2 Material: Vision Flashcards

1
Q

light

A

band of electromagnetic radiation (photons)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

wavelength determines

A

color

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

intensity determines

A

brightness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what does an object’s color depend on?

A

wavelength reflected and perceived

- rest of the colors absorbed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

transduction

A

process of turning light into neural signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how do you get color out of photons?

A

photons lead to different frequencies which leads to different wavelengths which leads to different colors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what range do we see color in nm

A

400-700nm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

cornea

A

bends light entering the eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

lens

A

changes shape to focus light on the retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Ciliary muscles

A

adjust focus by changing the shape of the lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what do the cornea and lens work together to do?

A

focus light to the back of the retina

help get a clearer picture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Iris

A

colored ring that expands and contracts the pupil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

pupil

A

allows light to enter the eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Retina

A

layer of neurons in back of the eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

fovea

A

center of the retina

high density of S cones that produce very clear pictures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

pupil and iris work together to…

A

control the size of pupil and regulate how much light comes in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how does the retina receive an image

A

upside down , but the brain is able to turn the image the right way

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

accommodation with ciliary muscles

A

contraction allows for far away objects o come into focus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

where does visual processing first occur

A

retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Retinal cell types (5)

A

photoreceptors, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, horizontal cells, amacrine cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

retinal cells that are interneurons

A

horizontal and amacrine cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

photoreceptors

A

rods and cones

sensory neurons that detect light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

rods

A

scotopic
low acuity
black and white (no color)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

scotopic

A

dim lighting conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

cones

A

photopic
high acuity
color vision (3 types of cones)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

photopic

A

normal, bright light conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

3 types of cones

A

S, M, L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

S cones

A

blue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

M cones

A

green

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

L cones

A

red

31
Q

visual acuity

A

measure of detail, sharpest in fovea

32
Q

Are there more cones or rods in the retina?

A

rods

33
Q

Where are there more cones than rods in the retina?

A

fovea there are many cones but NO rods

34
Q

optic disc

A

no rods or cones, all axons leave the eye to reach brain via the optic disc

35
Q

the optic disc causes a break in visual field known as a …

A

blind spot

36
Q

Blind spot demo with black dot

What happened to the black dot when you read the letters?

A

it disappeared because the optic disc has no photoreceptors, it cannot see part of the visual field
so there is not a hole in you vision the brain can overcome this

37
Q

How does the brain accommodate blind spots?

A

it looks at what is around the blind spot and tries to extrapolate to fill the visual info in for you

38
Q

visual information received by

A

photoreceptors

39
Q

Bipolar cell dendrites receive input from where and synapse where

A

receive from photoreceptors, synapse on ganglion cells

40
Q

Ganglion cell axons form the _____

A

optic nerve

41
Q

optic nerve

A

carries information to the brain

42
Q

what neurotransmitter helps transmit info from photoreceptors to bipolar cells

A

glutamate

43
Q

Horizontal cells

A

in retina, contact photoreceptors and bipolar cells

44
Q

Amacrine cells

A

contact bipolar and ganglion cells

45
Q

horizontal and amacrine cells together…

A

integrate signals important for filtering info sent to the bipolar cells
- can change activity of rods/cones and the message sent to the ganglion cells

46
Q

All cell types, except ganglion cells generate ONLY

A

graded local potentials effecting each other through graded release of neurotransmitter
(little bit of light will cause a little bit of glutamate release)

47
Q

Ganglion cells conduct

A

action potentials

48
Q

each photoreceptor is connected to 1 or more retinal ganglion cells, which convey the signal into the optic nerve towards the

A

brain

49
Q

most ganglion cells receive input from ______

A

multiple photoreceptors

50
Q

convergence

A

integration of information

51
Q

high convergence =

A

low acuity

52
Q

if a low convergence that means only 1 message is being dealt with and it will be a

A

high acuity

53
Q

the whole area that is visible without movement

A

visual field

54
Q

what does the retina represent about the visual field

A

a 2 dimensional map

55
Q

organization is preserved as the information travels through the brain as a

A

topographic projection

56
Q

much of the topographic projection corresponds to the _____ making high visual acuity possible

A

fovea

57
Q

the area in the visual field that a specific cell responds to

A

receptive field

58
Q

ex of receptive field

A

cones respond to specific colors within the visual field

59
Q

each bipolar neuron only relays information from ______

A

a small part of the visual field

60
Q

turning on light in the center of its receptive field excites the cell

A

on-center bipolar cells

61
Q

turning off light in the center of the field excites the cells

A

off-center bipolar cells

62
Q

the center and its surround are always

A

antagonistic, opposite
on-center/off-surround
off-center/on-surround

63
Q

bipolar cells release _______ which always ______ ganglion cells

A

glutamate

depolarizes

64
Q

on-center bipolar cells excite _______

off-center bipolar cells excite________

A

on-center ganglion cells

off-center ganglion cells

65
Q

bipolar cells release more/less glutamate depending on….

A

light intensity

changes rate of action potentials in ganglion cells

66
Q

capacity of an excited sensory cell to REDUCE activity of its neighbors

A

lateral inhibition

67
Q

what does lateral inhibition produce?

A

a contrast effect at the edges of a region

68
Q

Bipolar cells that relay info from photoreceptors to ganglion cells can also inhibit eachother
some ganglion cells report receiving

A

less light than they do

can change the message from bipolar cells to ganglion cells

69
Q

lateral inhibition increases

A

contrast and sharpness in visual response

70
Q

what inhibits ganglion cells stimulated by the right-hand edge of each dark panel

A

cells responding to the lighter band next door
cell getting less light info to sharpen the edges
looks darker because you are shutting down signals of neighboring cells

71
Q

Herman Grid Illusion

A

grey dot appears at intersection points of all white lines

  • effect is greater from your peripheral vision
  • if you focus on a grey dot it disappears
  • the intersection falls in the fovea with very little lateral inhibition due to a small receptive field
72
Q

2 retinal diseases

A

macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa

73
Q

macular degeneration

A

leading cause of vision loss
affects central vision
peripheral vision fine
blurs our perception of whatever it is we are trying to look at

74
Q

retinitis pigmentosa

A

affects peripheral vision
tunnel vision, cannot see what surrounds your focus
rare genetic disorder
does not usually lead to complete blindness

Neuroscience I (32 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions