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Neuroscience I > Exam 2 Material : Quiz 3 Touch > Flashcards

Exam 2 Material : Quiz 3 Touch Flashcards

1
Q

all organs are diverse, but all senses use the same type of energy

A

action potential

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2
Q

the brain recognizes the senses as distinct because their action potentials travel along separate nerve tracts

A

labeled lines

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3
Q

sensory transduction

A

conversion of energy from stimulus into a change in membrane potential in a receptor cell
- energy from environment into an action potential

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4
Q

receptor (generator) potential

A

local change in membrane potential analogous to EPSPs

  • graded: can be small or large
  • receptor on dendrites
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5
Q

3 types of mechanoreceptors

A

proprioceptors, baroreceptors, and tactile receptors

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6
Q

proprioceptors

A

positional receptors, tell you where the body is in space

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7
Q

baroreceptors

A

blood pressure

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8
Q

tactile receptors

A

physical touch
vibrations
soft or hard touch

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9
Q

2 types of somatosensory cells

A

touch and pain and T

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10
Q

meissner’s corpuscles, merkel’s discs, pacinian corpuscles, ruffini corpuscles
- under skin, and respond to signals like vibrations, stretch, texture, light or rough

A

touch somatosensory cells

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11
Q

free nerve endings, close to surface of skin

A

pain and T somatosensory cells

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12
Q

proprioceptors

A

mechanoreceptors found in tendons; they provide info about changes in muscle tension

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13
Q

two types of internal feedback on the status of the body

A

force and position

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14
Q

without proprioception…

A

you could not navigate, you h=would have to ask yourself where your foot is before each step you took

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15
Q

encapsulated nerve endings are for…

A

touch neurons

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16
Q

where is the cell body located for the touch and pain/T receptors

A

in the PNS, neurons are unipolar

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17
Q

signal transduction

A
  1. physical touch (force) reverberates through the skin

2. vibration contacts sensory mechanoreceptors under the skin

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18
Q

what does pressure on the mechanoreceptor cause?

A

it stretches open ion channels and Na rushes into cell

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19
Q

Na channels cause graded generator potential and if it exceeds threshold…

A

an action potential occurs

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20
Q

intensity of stimulus is represented by

A

the number and threshold of activated cells

ex: step on a lego you would get many action potentials in a row

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21
Q

somatosensory system

A

determines whether body sensations arise from outside or within the body

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22
Q

what is stimulus location based on

A

an orderly map like representation of the position of activated receptors

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23
Q

receptive field

A

area in which the presence of a stimulus will alter a sensory neuron’s firing rate
- each sensory neuron picks up info in a small region

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24
Q

where are there lots of sensory nerves next to eachother that can allow for discrimination between touch

A

hands and face

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25
where are there few sensory nerves, making it harder to distinguish touch
back and legs
26
4 divisions of the spinal cord
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral
27
neck, arms, shoulders
cervical
28
trunk
thoracic
29
lower back, front of legs and feet
lumbar
30
Back of legs and feet
sacral
31
dermatome
region of skin interval by a particular spinal nerve
32
Where do touch, pain, and proprioception travel
in the dorsal column of the spinal cord | - in DIFFERENT pathways each
33
unipolar neuron cell bodies located outside the spinal cord | - afferent nerve fibers
dorsal root ganglion
34
afferent nerve fibers
carry sensory information into spinal cord
35
What information does the dorsal column deliver?
touch and proprioception
36
Dorsal Column Neuron 1 (input)
receptor on sensory neuron dendrites | - axons enter dorsal horn and ascend spinal cord to the medulla
37
where is the first synapse in the dorsal column pathway?
medulla
38
Dorsal Column Neuron 2 (relay)
cell bodies in the medulla | axons immediately decussate at medulla and ascend to contralateral thalamus
39
decussate
cross over
40
where is the second synapse in the dorsal column pathway?
thalamus
41
Dorsal Column Neuron 3 (Relay)
neurons with cell bodies in thalamus extend axons to corresponding primary somatosensory cortex in post-central gyrus
42
primary somatosensory cortex (S1)
- in postcentral gyrus - receives touch info from opposite side of body - S1 cells arranged as map of the body
43
sensory homunculus
a map of the body arranged by S1 cells
44
do parts of the body have the same amount of neurons processing them?
no we receive and process differently
45
- receives direct projections from S1 - axons extend to motor cortex, sensory association cortices, and insula - association areas in brain integrate and process inputs from different sensory modalities
Secondary somatosensory cortex (S2)
46
motor cortex
response to environment like walking through a spider web
47
sensory association cortices
was it a spider web? or a piece of my hair? integrates both visual and touch
48
insula
control internal body states implicated in tactile learning and memory ex: you reach into a bag for a pencil, you know what the pencil looks like but you have to find it
49
neuron processing info from many sensory modalities (ex: visual and touch)
polymodal neurons
50
another name for the face touch pathway
trigeminal touch pathway
51
what does the trigeminal touch pathway bypass?
spinal cord!!!
52
Trigeminal Neuron 1
trigeminal nerves (CN5) enter brain at the pons and synapse in the trigeminal nucleus
53
where is the first synapse in the trigeminal pathway
trigeminal nucleus
54
Trigeminal Neuron 2
axons from trigeminal nucleus decussate and synapse on neurons in contralateral thalamus
55
where is the second synapse in trigeminal pathway
thalamus
56
Trigeminal Neuron 3
thalamic neuron axons project to S1
57
nociceptors
pain receptors
58
thermoreceptors
temperature receptors
59
peripheral receptors on free nerve endings (unmyelinated) that respond to painful stimuli
nociceptors
60
2 types of pain
first pain and second pain
61
first pain
sharp, stinging, initial pain feeling | - relayed by myelinated A-delta axon fibers
62
second pain
dull, throbbing, linger pain | - relayed by unmyelinated C fibers
63
unmyelinated C fibers
these are why it is longer for pain signal to get to brain, unmyelinated
64
another name for the spinothalamic pathway
anterolateral
65
transmits physical sensations of pain and temperature to the brain
spinothalamic pathway
66
Spinothalamic Neuron 1
free nerve endings in skin - receptor on sensory neuron dendrites - axons enter dorsal horn of spinal cord and immediately synapse on spinal neurons
67
where is the first synapse in spinothalamic pathway?
spinal cord
68
where does it decussate in spinothalamic pathway?
spinal cord
69
Spinothalamic Neuron 2
cell bodies in dorsal horn of spinal cord | - spinal neuron axons decussate at level of entry then ascend contralaterally to the thalamus
70
where is the 2nd synapse in spinothalamic pathway?
thalamus
71
Spinothalamic Neuron 3
neuron cell bodies in thalamus extend axons to S1
72
where do trigeminal nerves enter the brain in trigeminal pain pathway
pons
73
trigeminal pain Neuron 1
axons descend to medulla forming spinal trigeminal tract and synapse in spinal trigeminal nucleus
74
where is the first synapse in trigeminal pain pathway
spinal trigeminal nucleus
75
trigeminal pain Neuron 2
neurons decussate and ascend to contralateral thalamus
76
Neuron 3 trigeminal pain
processed by S1
77
what pathway relays first pain signals to brain?
spinothalamic pathway
78
affective and motivational aspects of second pain
insula and periaqueductal grey
79
prefrontal cortex and pain
long term emotional implications
80
anterior cingulate cortex and insular cortex
- emotional consequences - unpleasantness - social rejection
81
primary and secondary somatosensory cortex
location, intensity, qualities of pain
82
what can pain be modified by?
tactile stimulation, stimulation, emotion, and cognition
83
- "pain off" center - receives info from S1 and S2 - activated in threatening situations activation releases endogenous opioids in spinal cord to shut down pain
periaqueductal grey (PAG)
84
what does PAG activation release?
endogenous opioids in spinal cord to shut down pain
85
model that allows for top-down control of the pain signal coming up to spinal cord
gate control theory
86
small nerve fibers
pain axons (C and A-delta)
87
large nerve fibers
touch axons - directly relayed to brain - simultaneously shut down ability for pain signals to reach brain
88
gate control theory
it overrides the pain response with touch
89
placebo response
expectation of relief from prefrontal cortex - endogenous opioids - reduced activity in ACC and insula - increased activity in PAG and prefrontal cortex

Neuroscience I (32 decks)

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