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Neuroscience I > Exam 2 Material : Quiz 3 Touch > Flashcards

Exam 2 Material : Quiz 3 Touch Flashcards

1
Q

all organs are diverse, but all senses use the same type of energy

A

action potential

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2
Q

the brain recognizes the senses as distinct because their action potentials travel along separate nerve tracts

A

labeled lines

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3
Q

sensory transduction

A

conversion of energy from stimulus into a change in membrane potential in a receptor cell
- energy from environment into an action potential

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4
Q

receptor (generator) potential

A

local change in membrane potential analogous to EPSPs

  • graded: can be small or large
  • receptor on dendrites
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5
Q

3 types of mechanoreceptors

A

proprioceptors, baroreceptors, and tactile receptors

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6
Q

proprioceptors

A

positional receptors, tell you where the body is in space

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7
Q

baroreceptors

A

blood pressure

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8
Q

tactile receptors

A

physical touch
vibrations
soft or hard touch

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9
Q

2 types of somatosensory cells

A

touch and pain and T

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10
Q

meissner’s corpuscles, merkel’s discs, pacinian corpuscles, ruffini corpuscles
- under skin, and respond to signals like vibrations, stretch, texture, light or rough

A

touch somatosensory cells

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11
Q

free nerve endings, close to surface of skin

A

pain and T somatosensory cells

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12
Q

proprioceptors

A

mechanoreceptors found in tendons; they provide info about changes in muscle tension

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13
Q

two types of internal feedback on the status of the body

A

force and position

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14
Q

without proprioception…

A

you could not navigate, you h=would have to ask yourself where your foot is before each step you took

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15
Q

encapsulated nerve endings are for…

A

touch neurons

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16
Q

where is the cell body located for the touch and pain/T receptors

A

in the PNS, neurons are unipolar

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17
Q

signal transduction

A
  1. physical touch (force) reverberates through the skin

2. vibration contacts sensory mechanoreceptors under the skin

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18
Q

what does pressure on the mechanoreceptor cause?

A

it stretches open ion channels and Na rushes into cell

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19
Q

Na channels cause graded generator potential and if it exceeds threshold…

A

an action potential occurs

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20
Q

intensity of stimulus is represented by

A

the number and threshold of activated cells

ex: step on a lego you would get many action potentials in a row

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21
Q

somatosensory system

A

determines whether body sensations arise from outside or within the body

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22
Q

what is stimulus location based on

A

an orderly map like representation of the position of activated receptors

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23
Q

receptive field

A

area in which the presence of a stimulus will alter a sensory neuron’s firing rate
- each sensory neuron picks up info in a small region

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24
Q

where are there lots of sensory nerves next to eachother that can allow for discrimination between touch

A

hands and face

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25
Q

where are there few sensory nerves, making it harder to distinguish touch

A

back and legs

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26
Q

4 divisions of the spinal cord

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

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27
Q

neck, arms, shoulders

A

cervical

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28
Q

trunk

A

thoracic

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29
Q

lower back, front of legs and feet

A

lumbar

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30
Q

Back of legs and feet

A

sacral

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31
Q

dermatome

A

region of skin interval by a particular spinal nerve

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32
Q

Where do touch, pain, and proprioception travel

A

in the dorsal column of the spinal cord

- in DIFFERENT pathways each

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33
Q

unipolar neuron cell bodies located outside the spinal cord

- afferent nerve fibers

A

dorsal root ganglion

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34
Q

afferent nerve fibers

A

carry sensory information into spinal cord

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35
Q

What information does the dorsal column deliver?

A

touch and proprioception

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36
Q

Dorsal Column Neuron 1 (input)

A

receptor on sensory neuron dendrites

- axons enter dorsal horn and ascend spinal cord to the medulla

37
Q

where is the first synapse in the dorsal column pathway?

A

medulla

38
Q

Dorsal Column Neuron 2 (relay)

A

cell bodies in the medulla

axons immediately decussate at medulla and ascend to contralateral thalamus

39
Q

decussate

A

cross over

40
Q

where is the second synapse in the dorsal column pathway?

A

thalamus

41
Q

Dorsal Column Neuron 3 (Relay)

A

neurons with cell bodies in thalamus extend axons to corresponding primary somatosensory cortex in post-central gyrus

42
Q

primary somatosensory cortex (S1)

A
  • in postcentral gyrus
  • receives touch info from opposite side of body
  • S1 cells arranged as map of the body
43
Q

sensory homunculus

A

a map of the body arranged by S1 cells

44
Q

do parts of the body have the same amount of neurons processing them?

A

no we receive and process differently

45
Q
  • receives direct projections from S1
  • axons extend to motor cortex, sensory association cortices, and insula
  • association areas in brain integrate and process inputs from different sensory modalities
A

Secondary somatosensory cortex (S2)

46
Q

motor cortex

A

response to environment like walking through a spider web

47
Q

sensory association cortices

A

was it a spider web? or a piece of my hair? integrates both visual and touch

48
Q

insula

A

control internal body states
implicated in tactile learning and memory
ex: you reach into a bag for a pencil, you know what the pencil looks like but you have to find it

49
Q

neuron processing info from many sensory modalities (ex: visual and touch)

A

polymodal neurons

50
Q

another name for the face touch pathway

A

trigeminal touch pathway

51
Q

what does the trigeminal touch pathway bypass?

A

spinal cord!!!

52
Q

Trigeminal Neuron 1

A

trigeminal nerves (CN5) enter brain at the pons and synapse in the trigeminal nucleus

53
Q

where is the first synapse in the trigeminal pathway

A

trigeminal nucleus

54
Q

Trigeminal Neuron 2

A

axons from trigeminal nucleus decussate and synapse on neurons in contralateral thalamus

55
Q

where is the second synapse in trigeminal pathway

A

thalamus

56
Q

Trigeminal Neuron 3

A

thalamic neuron axons project to S1

57
Q

nociceptors

A

pain receptors

58
Q

thermoreceptors

A

temperature receptors

59
Q

peripheral receptors on free nerve endings (unmyelinated) that respond to painful stimuli

A

nociceptors

60
Q

2 types of pain

A

first pain and second pain

61
Q

first pain

A

sharp, stinging, initial pain feeling

- relayed by myelinated A-delta axon fibers

62
Q

second pain

A

dull, throbbing, linger pain

- relayed by unmyelinated C fibers

63
Q

unmyelinated C fibers

A

these are why it is longer for pain signal to get to brain, unmyelinated

64
Q

another name for the spinothalamic pathway

A

anterolateral

65
Q

transmits physical sensations of pain and temperature to the brain

A

spinothalamic pathway

66
Q

Spinothalamic Neuron 1

A

free nerve endings in skin

  • receptor on sensory neuron dendrites
  • axons enter dorsal horn of spinal cord and immediately synapse on spinal neurons
67
Q

where is the first synapse in spinothalamic pathway?

A

spinal cord

68
Q

where does it decussate in spinothalamic pathway?

A

spinal cord

69
Q

Spinothalamic Neuron 2

A

cell bodies in dorsal horn of spinal cord

- spinal neuron axons decussate at level of entry then ascend contralaterally to the thalamus

70
Q

where is the 2nd synapse in spinothalamic pathway?

A

thalamus

71
Q

Spinothalamic Neuron 3

A

neuron cell bodies in thalamus extend axons to S1

72
Q

where do trigeminal nerves enter the brain in trigeminal pain pathway

A

pons

73
Q

trigeminal pain Neuron 1

A

axons descend to medulla forming spinal trigeminal tract and synapse in spinal trigeminal nucleus

74
Q

where is the first synapse in trigeminal pain pathway

A

spinal trigeminal nucleus

75
Q

trigeminal pain Neuron 2

A

neurons decussate and ascend to contralateral thalamus

76
Q

Neuron 3 trigeminal pain

A

processed by S1

77
Q

what pathway relays first pain signals to brain?

A

spinothalamic pathway

78
Q

affective and motivational aspects of second pain

A

insula and periaqueductal grey

79
Q

prefrontal cortex and pain

A

long term emotional implications

80
Q

anterior cingulate cortex and insular cortex

A
  • emotional consequences
  • unpleasantness
  • social rejection
81
Q

primary and secondary somatosensory cortex

A

location, intensity, qualities of pain

82
Q

what can pain be modified by?

A

tactile stimulation, stimulation, emotion, and cognition

83
Q
  • “pain off” center
  • receives info from S1 and S2
  • activated in threatening situations
    activation releases endogenous opioids in spinal cord to shut down pain
A

periaqueductal grey (PAG)

84
Q

what does PAG activation release?

A

endogenous opioids in spinal cord to shut down pain

85
Q

model that allows for top-down control of the pain signal coming up to spinal cord

A

gate control theory

86
Q

small nerve fibers

A

pain axons (C and A-delta)

87
Q

large nerve fibers

A

touch axons

  • directly relayed to brain
  • simultaneously shut down ability for pain signals to reach brain
88
Q

gate control theory

A

it overrides the pain response with touch

89
Q

placebo response

A

expectation of relief from prefrontal cortex

  • endogenous opioids
  • reduced activity in ACC and insula
  • increased activity in PAG and prefrontal cortex

Neuroscience I (32 decks)

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