Exam 4: Stress Flashcards
circumstances that upset homeostatic balance
- can be good or bad
stress
eustress
good stress
can be motivating
distress
high amounts of stress, negative effects
two systems related in the stress response
sympathetic-adrenomedullary system
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA axis)
3 pieces of sympathetic adrenomedullary system
hypothalamus and then:
- sympathetic nervous system
- adrenal medulla
- norepinephrine and epinephrine
3 pieces of hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA axis)
hypothalamus and then:
- anterior pituitary
- adrenal cortex
- glucocorticoids
the hypothalamus activates the ____
sympathetic nervous system (SNS)
SNS activation of ____ releases epinephrine and norepinephrine into circulation
adrenal medulla
- this boosts heart rate, breathing, the “fight” response
where are the adrenal glands located?
on top of the kidney
medulla in the middle of the adrenal gland
in the 2nd system, stressors activate the hypothalamus, causing the release of _____ into the _____
corticotropin stimulating hormone
anterior pituitary
what does the anterior pituitary gland release into the bloodstream
adrenocorticotropic hormone
adenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) activates the ____ to release the stress hormone _____
adrenal cortex
cortisol
cortisol elevates ____
blood sugar (muscle movements ) and increased metabolism (getting ready to run away)
large crowds have been shown to increase ____ levels greater than people in uncrowded conditions
epinephrine
pattern of hormone levels in anticipation of an exam
spike in norepinephrine and epinephrine at physical event of taking exam
stress induced HPA activation increases ______ from adrenal glands
ACTH-induced cortisol release
there are high levels of __ in blood which is sensed by receptors in hypothalamus and shuts down stress response by negative feedback
cortisol
Negative feedback mechanism of stress
- Hypothalamus releases CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone) into pituitary
- pituitary releases ACTH to the adrenal cortex which stimulates the release of cortisol
- cortisol raises glucose levels and provides negative feedback
- shuts down hypothalamus and adrenal cortex
Mild Acute Stress reaction
- at induction of stress: inc sympathetic dec parasympathetic
- rebound: dec sympathetic, inc parasympathetic (when you realize you will be fine)
when there is no stress what system is activated?
parasympathetic
behavioral effects of acute mild stress: distress
restlessness anxiety feeling overwhelmed irritability/anger sadness/depression
behavioral effects of acute mild stress: eustress
motivation
focused energy
excitement
improved coping abilities
chronic stress reaction
induction of stress: inc sympathetic a lot, dec parasympathetic
- inadequate defensive response - no rebound, cannot reset
no reset: persistent sympathetic , dec parasympathetic
chronic stress state
adrenal steroid hormones released in stress suppress____
immune system
- defense mechanism allows all resources used for immediate survival - escaping predator
people who have happy, social lives are less likely to develop a ____ even when exposed to a virus
cold
chronic stress can make you sick
children who are bullied are at ____ risk for mental and physical disorders later in life
greater
chronic stress leads to persistent changes in _____
hippocampus neurons
3 chronic effects of stress
- remember less things (reduced hippocampus)
- attention is worse (damage to dendrites in PFC)
- inc in fear response (amygdala)
Traumatic stress response
- extremely threatening
- inc sympathetic, dec parasympathetic
continues challenge causes - coactivation of dysfunctional state - inc both sympathetic and parasympathetic
behaviorally may manifest as alternating depressive shutdown and extreme anxiety
