Exam 4: Stress

Question 1

circumstances that upset homeostatic balance

- can be good or bad

Answer 1

stress

Question 2

eustress

Answer 2

good stress

can be motivating

Question 3

distress

Answer 3

high amounts of stress, negative effects

Question 4

two systems related in the stress response

Answer 4

sympathetic-adrenomedullary system

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA axis)

Question 5

3 pieces of sympathetic adrenomedullary system

Answer 5

hypothalamus and then:

• sympathetic nervous system
• adrenal medulla
• norepinephrine and epinephrine

Question 6

3 pieces of hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA axis)

Answer 6

hypothalamus and then:

• anterior pituitary
• adrenal cortex
• glucocorticoids

Question 7

the hypothalamus activates the ____

Answer 7

sympathetic nervous system (SNS)

Question 8

SNS activation of ____ releases epinephrine and norepinephrine into circulation

Answer 8

adrenal medulla

- this boosts heart rate, breathing, the “fight” response

Question 9

where are the adrenal glands located?

Answer 9

on top of the kidney

medulla in the middle of the adrenal gland

Question 10

in the 2nd system, stressors activate the hypothalamus, causing the release of _____ into the _____

Answer 10

corticotropin stimulating hormone

anterior pituitary

Question 11

what does the anterior pituitary gland release into the bloodstream

Answer 11

adrenocorticotropic hormone

Question 12

adenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) activates the ____ to release the stress hormone _____

Answer 12

adrenal cortex

cortisol

Question 13

cortisol elevates ____

Answer 13

blood sugar (muscle movements ) and increased metabolism (getting ready to run away)

Question 14

large crowds have been shown to increase ____ levels greater than people in uncrowded conditions

Answer 14

epinephrine

Question 15

pattern of hormone levels in anticipation of an exam

Answer 15

spike in norepinephrine and epinephrine at physical event of taking exam

Question 16

stress induced HPA activation increases ______ from adrenal glands

Answer 16

ACTH-induced cortisol release

Question 17

there are high levels of __ in blood which is sensed by receptors in hypothalamus and shuts down stress response by negative feedback

Answer 17

cortisol

Question 18

Negative feedback mechanism of stress

Answer 18

• Hypothalamus releases CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone) into pituitary
• pituitary releases ACTH to the adrenal cortex which stimulates the release of cortisol
• cortisol raises glucose levels and provides negative feedback
• shuts down hypothalamus and adrenal cortex

Question 19

Mild Acute Stress reaction

Answer 19

• at induction of stress: inc sympathetic dec parasympathetic
• rebound: dec sympathetic, inc parasympathetic (when you realize you will be fine)

Question 20

when there is no stress what system is activated?

Answer 20

parasympathetic

Question 21

behavioral effects of acute mild stress: distress

Answer 21

restlessness
anxiety
feeling overwhelmed
irritability/anger
sadness/depression

Question 22

behavioral effects of acute mild stress: eustress

Answer 22

motivation
focused energy
excitement
improved coping abilities

Question 23

chronic stress reaction

Answer 23

induction of stress: inc sympathetic a lot, dec parasympathetic

• inadequate defensive response - no rebound, cannot reset

no reset: persistent sympathetic , dec parasympathetic
chronic stress state

Question 24

adrenal steroid hormones released in stress suppress____

Answer 24

immune system

- defense mechanism allows all resources used for immediate survival - escaping predator

Question 25

people who have happy, social lives are less likely to develop a ____ even when exposed to a virus

Answer 25

cold

chronic stress can make you sick

Question 26

children who are bullied are at ____ risk for mental and physical disorders later in life

Answer 26

greater

Question 27

chronic stress leads to persistent changes in _____

Answer 27

hippocampus neurons

Question 28

3 chronic effects of stress

Answer 28

• remember less things (reduced hippocampus)
• attention is worse (damage to dendrites in PFC)
• inc in fear response (amygdala)

Question 29

Traumatic stress response

Answer 29

• extremely threatening
• inc sympathetic, dec parasympathetic

continues challenge causes - coactivation of dysfunctional state - inc both sympathetic and parasympathetic

behaviorally may manifest as alternating depressive shutdown and extreme anxiety