Exam 2 Material : Movement

Question 1

reflex

Answer 1

simple, stereotypes, unlearned response to a particular stimulus
used to automatically protect the body

Question 2

How do reflexes work?

Answer 2

• stimulus activates a sensory receptor
• impulse travels via dorsal horn to spinal cord
• integration at spinal cord
• impulse travels by motor pathway to exit spinal cord
• an effector responds

Question 3

What do reflexes do?

Answer 3

bypass the brain and go straight to the muscles

Question 4

Movement has how many neuron processes?

Answer 4

2

Question 5

motor plan (motor program)

Answer 5

set of muscle commands established BEFORE the action occurs

BRAIN!!

Question 6

muscles interact with the nervous system via

Answer 6

motor neurons

Question 7

upper motor neurons

Answer 7

cell bodies in motor cortex (voluntary movement)

synapse in spinal cord

Question 8

lower motor neurons

Answer 8

cell bodies in spinal cord exit through ventral root

• directly command muscle contraction
• synapse on msucles

Question 9

synapse between motor neurons and muscle fibers

Answer 9

neuromuscular junction

Question 10

Motor neurons release _______ to cause muscle contraction at the neuromuscular junction

Answer 10

acetylcholine

Question 11

primary motor cortex (M1)

Answer 11

• in precentral gyrus
• initiation of voluntary motor movements
  “I want to pick up my pencil”

Question 12

motor homunculus

Answer 12

lots in hands, lips, tongue (fine motor movements)

less in back

Question 13

Parts of the motor cortex

Answer 13

• posterior parietal lobe
• prefrontal cortex
• premotor cortex
• supplementary motor area (SMA)

Question 14

posterior parietal lobe

Answer 14

proprioceptive clues about body position

- to continue carrying out a movement, getting closer to picking something up

Question 15

prefrontal cortex

Answer 15

decision making

- “should I pick this up”

Question 16

premotor cortex

Answer 16

programs movement by combining information from prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortex

• integrates to know where you need to move to
• efferent project to supplementary movement area

Question 17

supplementary motor area (SMA)

Answer 17

initiation of movement sequences, preplanned levels

- move fingers before your elbow when you are picking something up

Question 18

Where are mirror neurons?

Answer 18

in a sub region of the premotor cortex (F5)

Question 19

mirror neurons

Answer 19

the same neurons fire BEFORE making a movement as when observing another individual do the same movement
- activated when about to mimic someone’s actions

Question 20

basal ganglia

Answer 20

group of interconnected forebrain nuclei that modulate movement

Question 21

Where does the basal ganglia receive info from?

Answer 21

• primary and secondary motor areas

- somatosensory cortex

Question 22

Functions of the basal ganglia

Answer 22

• smooth movements through the thalamus
• learning movement sequences preformed as a unit
  - once a task is learned BG kicks in (automatic)
  - like playing the violin, your fingers know where
  to go after playing for years , no thought

Question 23

rubrospinal tract : where are the upper motor neurons?

Answer 23

red nucleus

Question 24

rubrospinal tract function

Answer 24

bending, straightening limbs

Question 25

vestibulospinal tract : where are upper motor neurons?

Answer 25

vestibular nuclei

Question 26

vestibulospinal tract function

Answer 26

balance, posture, compensates for tilting

Question 27

tectospinal tract: where are upper motor neurons?

Answer 27

superior colliculi

Question 28

tectospinal tract function

Answer 28

avoidance reflexes (dodging a ball thrown at you), turns neck so eyes can follow moving object (tracks visual movement)

Question 29

reticulospinal tract: where are upper motor neurons?

Answer 29

reticular formation

Question 30

reticulospinal tract function

Answer 30

startle and escape movements | - when scared

Question 31

corticobulbar tract controls movement of

Answer 31

face, tongue, eye muscles

Question 32

upper motor neurons originate in

Answer 32

motor cortex

Question 33

upper motor neuron axons decussate...

Answer 33

in the pons and synapse on lower motor neurons in the pons and medulla

Question 34

several ______ serve as lower motor neurons

Answer 34

cranial nerves

Question 35

Cranial nerves involved in lower motor neurons

Answer 35

- trigeminal - facial - glossopharyngeal - vagus - spinal accessory - hypoglossal (5,7,9,10,11,12)

Question 36

spinal cord _____ involved in voluntary movement of the face

Answer 36

is NOT

Question 37

the cerebral cortex controls ______ via commands sent through 2 major pathways in spinal cord

Answer 37

body muscles

Question 38

2 parts of the corticospinal system

Answer 38

- lateral corticospinal tract | - ventral corticospinal tract

Question 39

movements of distal limbs (arms, hands, fingers, toes, lower legs, feet)

Answer 39

lateral corticospinal tract

Question 40

movements of upper legs, upper arms, and trunk

Answer 40

ventral corticospinal tract

Question 41

lateral corticospinal tract | upper motor neuron cell bodies originate in

Answer 41

primary motor cortex (M1)

Question 42

lateral corticospinal tract | what is it called when axons descend through brain and decussate after the medulla

Answer 42

pyramidal decussation

Question 43

lateral corticospinal tract | first synapse

Answer 43

spinal cord

Question 44

lateral corticospinal tract lower motor neurons innervate skeletal muscle where is second synapse

Answer 44

muscles in extremities

Question 45

what is the lateral corticospinal tract important for

Answer 45

grasping and manipulating objects

Question 46

ventral corticospinal tract | upper motor neuron cell bodies originate in

Answer 46

primary motor cortex (M1)

Question 47

ventral corticospinal tract | how do the axons decussate

Answer 47

ipsilaterally | right before synapsing on lower motor neurons in spinal cord

Question 48

ventral corticospinal tract | lower motor neurons innervate...

Answer 48

skeletal muscle

Question 49

what is the ventral corticospinal tract important for?

Answer 49

locomotion and posture

Question 50

How does the basal ganglia indirectly influence the lower motor neurons?

Answer 50

thalamus and cortex | - it does not directly project to the spinal cord

Question 51

In the absence of voluntary movement...

Answer 51

1. no dopamine in system | 2. circuitry driven by only glutamate from cortex

Question 52

- chorea (brief, jerky movements) - dystonia (abnormal postures) - indirect pathway dysfunction (specific damage to GABA neurons controlled by D2 receptors

Answer 52

Huntington's disease early motor signs

Question 53

- executive function | - recent and remote memory

Answer 53

cognitive abnormalities associated with huntingtons disease

Question 54

psychiatric changes in huntingtons diseases

Answer 54

- depression, psychosis (dementia)

Question 55

Huntington's disease pathology (pathway)

Answer 55

- GABA neurons with D2 receptor are gone - get random glutamate from cortex - GPe disinhibited since nothing from D2 - shuts down STN activity so GPi can not get glutamate - no GABA to thalamus so thalamus is disinhibited - thalamus wants to move so you will get involuntary movements

Question 56

pathophysiology of Parkinson's Disease

Answer 56

loss of nigrostriatal dopamine projection

Question 57

3 broad categories of types of symptoms in PD

Answer 57

motor, mood, dementia/cognitive dysfunction

Question 58

4 motor symptoms in PD

Answer 58

1. tremor 2. bradykinesia 3. rigidity 4. loss of postural reflexes

Question 59

The cerebellum receives info from M1 about an intended movement and determines the _____

Answer 59

order and timing of muscle contractions

Question 60

The cerebellum uses info from the vestibular system to...

Answer 60

1. maintain posture and balance 2. refine movements 3. control eye movements that compensate for head movements

Question 61

the cerebellum receives a copy of the motor plan that muscles will receive from the...

Answer 61

motor cortex

Question 62

as movement proceeds, cerebellum gets proprioceptive signals about the actual motor performance from the...

Answer 62

vestibular system

Question 63

cerebellum compares the plan to the

Answer 63

actual movements

Question 64

cerebellum sends corrective signals to

Answer 64

cortex and brainstem