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Neuroscience I > Exam 2 Material : Movement > Flashcards

Exam 2 Material : Movement Flashcards

1
Q

reflex

A

simple, stereotypes, unlearned response to a particular stimulus
used to automatically protect the body

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2
Q

How do reflexes work?

A
  • stimulus activates a sensory receptor
  • impulse travels via dorsal horn to spinal cord
  • integration at spinal cord
  • impulse travels by motor pathway to exit spinal cord
  • an effector responds
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3
Q

What do reflexes do?

A

bypass the brain and go straight to the muscles

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4
Q

Movement has how many neuron processes?

A

2

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5
Q

motor plan (motor program)

A

set of muscle commands established BEFORE the action occurs

BRAIN!!

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6
Q

muscles interact with the nervous system via

A

motor neurons

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7
Q

upper motor neurons

A

cell bodies in motor cortex (voluntary movement)

synapse in spinal cord

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8
Q

lower motor neurons

A

cell bodies in spinal cord exit through ventral root

  • directly command muscle contraction
  • synapse on msucles
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9
Q

synapse between motor neurons and muscle fibers

A

neuromuscular junction

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10
Q

Motor neurons release _______ to cause muscle contraction at the neuromuscular junction

A

acetylcholine

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11
Q

primary motor cortex (M1)

A
  • in precentral gyrus
  • initiation of voluntary motor movements
    “I want to pick up my pencil”
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12
Q

motor homunculus

A

lots in hands, lips, tongue (fine motor movements)

less in back

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13
Q

Parts of the motor cortex

A
  • posterior parietal lobe
  • prefrontal cortex
  • premotor cortex
  • supplementary motor area (SMA)
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14
Q

posterior parietal lobe

A

proprioceptive clues about body position

- to continue carrying out a movement, getting closer to picking something up

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15
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

decision making

- “should I pick this up”

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16
Q

premotor cortex

A

programs movement by combining information from prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortex

  • integrates to know where you need to move to
  • efferent project to supplementary movement area
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17
Q

supplementary motor area (SMA)

A

initiation of movement sequences, preplanned levels

- move fingers before your elbow when you are picking something up

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18
Q

Where are mirror neurons?

A

in a sub region of the premotor cortex (F5)

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19
Q

mirror neurons

A

the same neurons fire BEFORE making a movement as when observing another individual do the same movement
- activated when about to mimic someone’s actions

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20
Q

basal ganglia

A

group of interconnected forebrain nuclei that modulate movement

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21
Q

Where does the basal ganglia receive info from?

A
  • primary and secondary motor areas

- somatosensory cortex

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22
Q

Functions of the basal ganglia

A
  • smooth movements through the thalamus
  • learning movement sequences preformed as a unit
    - once a task is learned BG kicks in (automatic)
    - like playing the violin, your fingers know where
    to go after playing for years , no thought
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23
Q

rubrospinal tract : where are the upper motor neurons?

A

red nucleus

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24
Q

rubrospinal tract function

A

bending, straightening limbs

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25
Q

vestibulospinal tract : where are upper motor neurons?

A

vestibular nuclei

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26
Q

vestibulospinal tract function

A

balance, posture, compensates for tilting

27
Q

tectospinal tract: where are upper motor neurons?

A

superior colliculi

28
Q

tectospinal tract function

A

avoidance reflexes (dodging a ball thrown at you), turns neck so eyes can follow moving object (tracks visual movement)

29
Q

reticulospinal tract: where are upper motor neurons?

A

reticular formation

30
Q

reticulospinal tract function

A

startle and escape movements

- when scared

31
Q

corticobulbar tract controls movement of

A

face, tongue, eye muscles

32
Q

upper motor neurons originate in

A

motor cortex

33
Q

upper motor neuron axons decussate…

A

in the pons and synapse on lower motor neurons in the pons and medulla

34
Q

several ______ serve as lower motor neurons

A

cranial nerves

35
Q

Cranial nerves involved in lower motor neurons

A
  • trigeminal
  • facial
  • glossopharyngeal
  • vagus
  • spinal accessory
  • hypoglossal
    (5,7,9,10,11,12)
36
Q

spinal cord _____ involved in voluntary movement of the face

A

is NOT

37
Q

the cerebral cortex controls ______ via commands sent through 2 major pathways in spinal cord

A

body muscles

38
Q

2 parts of the corticospinal system

A
  • lateral corticospinal tract

- ventral corticospinal tract

39
Q

movements of distal limbs (arms, hands, fingers, toes, lower legs, feet)

A

lateral corticospinal tract

40
Q

movements of upper legs, upper arms, and trunk

A

ventral corticospinal tract

41
Q

lateral corticospinal tract

upper motor neuron cell bodies originate in

A

primary motor cortex (M1)

42
Q

lateral corticospinal tract

what is it called when axons descend through brain and decussate after the medulla

A

pyramidal decussation

43
Q

lateral corticospinal tract

first synapse

A

spinal cord

44
Q

lateral corticospinal tract
lower motor neurons innervate skeletal muscle
where is second synapse

A

muscles in extremities

45
Q

what is the lateral corticospinal tract important for

A

grasping and manipulating objects

46
Q

ventral corticospinal tract

upper motor neuron cell bodies originate in

A

primary motor cortex (M1)

47
Q

ventral corticospinal tract

how do the axons decussate

A

ipsilaterally

right before synapsing on lower motor neurons in spinal cord

48
Q

ventral corticospinal tract

lower motor neurons innervate…

A

skeletal muscle

49
Q

what is the ventral corticospinal tract important for?

A

locomotion and posture

50
Q

How does the basal ganglia indirectly influence the lower motor neurons?

A

thalamus and cortex

- it does not directly project to the spinal cord

51
Q

In the absence of voluntary movement…

A
  1. no dopamine in system

2. circuitry driven by only glutamate from cortex

52
Q
  • chorea (brief, jerky movements)
  • dystonia (abnormal postures)
  • indirect pathway dysfunction (specific damage to GABA neurons controlled by D2 receptors
A

Huntington’s disease early motor signs

53
Q
  • executive function

- recent and remote memory

A

cognitive abnormalities associated with huntingtons disease

54
Q

psychiatric changes in huntingtons diseases

A
  • depression, psychosis (dementia)
55
Q

Huntington’s disease pathology (pathway)

A
  • GABA neurons with D2 receptor are gone
  • get random glutamate from cortex
  • GPe disinhibited since nothing from D2
  • shuts down STN activity so GPi can not get glutamate
  • no GABA to thalamus so thalamus is disinhibited
  • thalamus wants to move so you will get involuntary movements
56
Q

pathophysiology of Parkinson’s Disease

A

loss of nigrostriatal dopamine projection

57
Q

3 broad categories of types of symptoms in PD

A

motor, mood, dementia/cognitive dysfunction

58
Q

4 motor symptoms in PD

A
  1. tremor
  2. bradykinesia
  3. rigidity
  4. loss of postural reflexes
59
Q

The cerebellum receives info from M1 about an intended movement and determines the _____

A

order and timing of muscle contractions

60
Q

The cerebellum uses info from the vestibular system to…

A
  1. maintain posture and balance
  2. refine movements
  3. control eye movements that compensate for head movements
61
Q

the cerebellum receives a copy of the motor plan that muscles will receive from the…

A

motor cortex

62
Q

as movement proceeds, cerebellum gets proprioceptive signals about the actual motor performance from the…

A

vestibular system

63
Q

cerebellum compares the plan to the

A

actual movements

64
Q

cerebellum sends corrective signals to

A

cortex and brainstem

Neuroscience I (32 decks)

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