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Neuroscience I > Exam 2 Material: Vision Pt. 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Material: Vision Pt. 2 Flashcards

1
Q

2 parts of the retina

A

nasal retina and the temporal retina

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2
Q

left visual field strikes what side of the brain?

A

right side

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3
Q

ganglion cells conduct action potentials along axons that make up the

A

optic nerve

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4
Q

where do the optic nerves of each eye meet

A

optic chiasm

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5
Q

what happens at the optic chiasm

A

each optic nerve splits in half

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6
Q

Where does information from the left visual field strike in terms of the nasal retina and the temporal retina

A

strikes the left nasal and the right temporal retina

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7
Q

axons from the right half of each retina combine forming the right optic tract which goes on to which hemisphere?

A

right

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8
Q

where do most optic tract axons synapse

A

lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) in the thalamus

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9
Q

What brain regions does the LGN project to?

A

hypothalamus: circadian rhythms
tectum: eye movements/eye muscles

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10
Q

What do axons of the postsynaptic cells of the LGN form?

A

optic radiations

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11
Q

Where do optic radiations terminate?

A

primary visual cortex (V1) of the occipital lobe

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12
Q

LGN

A

relays visual info from the optic nerve to the visual cortex

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13
Q

Layers of the LGN

A

6
magnocellular layers
parvocellular layers
koniocellular layers

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14
Q

magnocellular layers of LGN

A

1 & 2

form, movement, depth, brightness

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15
Q

parvocellular layers of LGN

A

3 & 4 & 5 & 6

color and fine details

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16
Q

koniocellular layers

A

in between the magnocellular and parvocellular layers

white bands

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17
Q

neurons in each layer of the LGN show

A

retinotopic organization

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18
Q

Where is the superior colliculi?

A

at the top of the brainstem, just beneath the thalamus on each side
- receives light from contralateral retina

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19
Q

90% retinal ganglion cells synapse ______ and 10% go to _______

A

in the LGN

superior colliculi

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20
Q

What is the main function of the superior colliculus

A

control of rapid eye movements (cicadic)

  • necessary for smooth pursuit and saccades
  • it also integrates info
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21
Q

blindsight

A

paradoxical presence of visual abilities in the absence of the visual cortex
- patient claims to be blind but respond to stimuli they cannot consciously see

22
Q

People with blindsight can…

A

guide hand movements to an object even though they cannot see what they are looking for
sense emotion!!! on peoples faces and mimic those faces

23
Q

What is blindsight mediated by?

A

mechanisms in the superior colliculi that get info from retina

24
Q

first place in the cortex to receive visual info

A

V1 (primary visual cortex)

25
Q

V1

A

6 layers
responds to simple visual components like orientation and direction
- looks like stripes (aka striate cortex)
- bilateral

26
Q

V1 layer 4

A

critical layer that receives info from the LGN

27
Q

The left and right V1s meet in the middle of the brain in an area that represents the…

A

fovea

28
Q

cortical magnification

A

some areas of the retina take up more space on V1 than others
fovea on over 50% of V1

29
Q

with a high acuity you have lots of cones in the fovea so you have ________responsible for detecting light

A

many separate neurons

30
Q

In the V1 how do the cells line up?

A

in columns sensitive to the orientation of objects in particular areas in the visual field

31
Q

2 types of cells in the receptive fields of V1 cells

A

simple cells and complex cells

32
Q

simple cells in V1 receptive field

A

detect edges/bars in specific orientations or locations in the visual field
help determine the shape of the objects
many lines (action potentials) means cell responds strongly
sensitive to orientation

33
Q

complex cells in V1 receptive field

A

respond best to a bar of a particular width and orientation that is in motion anywhere in the visual field
sensitive to motion

34
Q

What other cortical structures are involved in the perception of form?

A

V2, V4, and the inferior temporal lobe

35
Q

What is V5 specialized for

A

motion perception

it is aka medial temporal area (MT)

36
Q

What does V2 detect?

A

texture (looking at sandpaper and knowing it will be rough), patterns, and illusory boundaries

37
Q

What happens to information that leaves the second visual area?

A

it gets split into the dorsal and ventral streams

38
Q

illusory contours

A

perception of edge without an actual edge being drawn

39
Q

What is V4 important for?

A

orientation, spatial frequency, and color

some produce strong responses to concentric, radial, or color stimuli

40
Q

What are the two main processing streams that originate in the primary visual cortex?

A

dorsal stream and ventral stream

41
Q

Dorsal stream

A

“where”

assessing locations of objects and guiding our movements toward them

42
Q

where is the dorsal stream?

A

parietal lobe
visual input from across the retina
most rods

43
Q

what if you damage your dorsal stream?

A

optic ataxia

44
Q

optic ataxia

A

difficulty using vision to reach for and grasp objects

- hard to predict where things will be in visual field

45
Q

ventral stream

A

“what”

identifying objects

46
Q

Where is main input from for the ventral stream?

A

parvocellular layer or LGN and the fovea

most cones

47
Q

What can damage to the ventral stream cause?

A

problems in perceiving faces and objects

what am i looking at

48
Q

3 “what” pathway brain regions

A

fusiform face area (FFA)
medial temporal lobes
parahippocampal place area (PPA)

49
Q

fusiform face area

A

faces and other objects that require expertise

50
Q

what is the inability to recognize faces?

when you see a face it will not look like a face, blurry

A

prospagnosia

51
Q

medial temporal lobes

A

specifically identify visual features in field

  • if binge watch TV show you will have cells for things you see repeatedly
  • specific neurons firing for them, more action potentials for jennifer aniston from friends
52
Q

Parahippocampal place area (PPA)

A

in temporal lobe
scenes and backgrounds
- this area is activated when looking at environmental scenes

Neuroscience I (32 decks)

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