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Neuroscience I > Exam 2 Material: Hearing > Flashcards

Exam 2 Material: Hearing Flashcards

1
Q

What is sound created by?

A

pressure waves in the air

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2
Q

amplitude

A

loudness, expressed in decibels (dB)

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3
Q

How many decibels is a normal conversation?

A

65dB

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4
Q

Over how many decibels can you start to get hearing loss?

A

85dB

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5
Q

Frequency

A

the number of cycles per second of vibration, measured in Hertz (Hz)
it is perceived as pitch

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6
Q

What is the range of human hearing in Hertz?

A

20-20,000Hz depending on age

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7
Q

Sound is _______ into neural activity known as ______

A

transduced

action potentials

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8
Q

parts of the external ear

A

pinna and ear canal

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9
Q

pinna

A

collects sound waves and pushes them into the ear canal

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10
Q

ear canal

A

auditory canal

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11
Q

What does the shape of the ear do?

A

it modifies the character of sound

helps to pin point where the sound is coming from

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12
Q

function of the external ear

A

funnel sound

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13
Q

function of the middle ear

A

concentrate sound energy

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14
Q

What are the 3 ossicles in the inner ear?

A

malleus, incus, stapes

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15
Q

What do the ossicles connect?

A

the tympanic membrane (eardrum) to the oval window

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16
Q

what happens when sound hits the tympanic membrane?

A

it wiggles back and forth, vibrating through the ossicles

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17
Q

what are the 2 muscles in the inner ear?

A

tensor tympani and stapedius

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18
Q

tensor tympani

A

attached to the malleus and tympanic membrane

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19
Q

stapedius

A

attached to the stapes

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20
Q

acoustic reflex

A

when activated, muscles stiffen and reduce the sound’s effects

  • ONLY protects against chronic, sustained loud noises
  • not gun shots, short loud noises
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21
Q

Why does sound not appear as loud anymore overtime?

A

the muscles tighten and hold the ossicles in place so you get less vibrations and sound pressure reaching the inner ear

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22
Q

what connects the ear with the rearmost part of the palate (nasal cavity and throat)?

A

eustachian tube

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23
Q

function of eustachian tube

A

equalizes pressure on both sides of the eardrum

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24
Q

When does the eustachian tube open?

A

when you swallow and with positive pressure (ears pop on an airplane)
yawning, chewing

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25
Q

What part of the ear is responsible for turning sound into neural activity (action potential)?

A

inner ear

cochlea

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26
Q

endolymph

A

fluid in ear

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27
Q

cochlea

A

coiled structure with 3 parallel canals , only in mammals

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28
Q

What are the 3 parallel canals of the cochlea?

A

scala vestibuli
scala media
scala tympani

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29
Q

scala vestibuli

A

vestibular canal

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30
Q

scala media

A

middle canal
has:
- organ of corti

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31
Q

organ of corti

A

receptor system that converts vibration into neural cavity

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32
Q

scala tympani

A

tympanic canal

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33
Q

Hair cells in the organ of corti

A

embedded in basilar membrane

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34
Q

What does a high frequency sound displace?

and example

A

the narrow base of the basilar membrane

ex: crying baby

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35
Q

What does a low frequency sound displace?

and example

A

the wider apex (at very middle of cochlea)

ex: stereo bass

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36
Q

cilia tips of hair cells are joined by…

A

tip links

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37
Q

describe the mechanically gated ion channels in hair cells and what does this remind you of from other chapters?

A

cilia movement produces tension of the link which opens an ion channel in the adjacent tip
- like touch receptors (mechanoreceptors)

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38
Q

do hair cells fire action potentials?

A

NO

- but they depolarize resulting in a receptor potential

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39
Q

In hair cells what are the 2 types of sensory cells?

A

inner hair cells (IHC)

outer hair cells (OHC)

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40
Q

What do IHC do?

A

signal transduction

- release glutamate into synapse with vestibulocochlear nerve (CN8)

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41
Q

What does OHC do?

A

amplify and refine cochlea to help discriminate frequencies

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42
Q

hyperpolarization causes…

A

lengthening

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43
Q

depolarization causes…

A

shortening

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44
Q

Auditory nerve fibers from IHCs terminate in the

A

cochlear nuclei (synapse 1)

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45
Q

Cochlear nuclei send information to the

A

superior olivary nuclei (synapse 2)

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46
Q

cochlear nuclei relay sound information to what sides of the body

A

contralateral and ipsilateral superior olivary nuclei

47
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the superior olivary nuclei?

A
  1. lateral superior olive

2. Medial superior olive

48
Q

What does the lateral superior olive process?

A

intensity differences (loud vs. quiet)

49
Q

What does medial superior olive process?

A

latency differences , but encodes sound by relative activity of the right and left sides
“when is it coming, what did it say”

50
Q

What cues signal sound location

A

binaural

51
Q

what are the 2 types of binaural cues

A
  1. interaural intensity differences

2. interaural latency differences

52
Q

Interaural intensity differences

A

difference in loudness at the 2 ears

53
Q

interaural latency differences

A

difference between the 2 ears in the time of arrival of sounds

54
Q

duplex theory

A

sound localization requires processing f both intensity and latency differences

55
Q

How many synapses are in the auditory pathway

A

5

56
Q

First synapse in the auditory pathway

A

auditory nerve fibers from IHCs terminate in the cochlear nuclei

57
Q

Second synapse in auditory pathway

A

cochlear nuclei send info to the superior olivary nucleu

58
Q

Third synapse in the auditory pathway

A

superior olivary nuclei pass this info from both ears to the inferior colliculi

59
Q

inferior colliculi

A

primary auditory centers of the midbrain

60
Q

Fourth synapse in the auditory pathway

A

outputs of the inferior colliculi go to the medial geniculate nuclei

61
Q

5th synapse of auditory pathway

A

pathways from here extend to the auditory cortex via internal capsule

62
Q

What do all levels of the auditory pathway have?

A

tonotopic organization

63
Q

arranged in a map according to the frequencies to which they respond

A

tonotopic organization

64
Q

Where does brain imaging show the main area of activation is?

A

primary auditory cortex (A1) on the superior temporal lobes

65
Q

What are the 2 main streams of ho the auditory cortex analyzes complex sounds?

A

dorsal stream

ventral stream

66
Q

Dorsal stream

where and function

A

parietal lobe
involved in spatial location (Where is sound coming from)
receives info from BOTH ears

67
Q

Ventral stream

where and function

A

temporal lobe
what am i hearing
pitch and volume
receives info from ONE ear

68
Q

portion of auditory cortex that first processes music, it is larger in musicians than regular people

A

Heschl’s gyrus

69
Q

amusia

A

inability to discern tunes

“tone deaf”

70
Q

all levels of auditory processing have…

A

tonotropic organization

71
Q

How is tonotropic organization arranged

A

based on frequencies they respond to

72
Q

Where is the primary auditory cortex (A1) located?

A

superior temporal lobe and within the lateral (sylvian fissure)

73
Q

Pure tones mostly activate what lobe of the brain?

A

temporal lobe

74
Q

What areas of the brain do human speech sounds activate

A

several subcortical regions

75
Q

Speech sound information is relayed to…

A

Wernicke’s area

76
Q

Where is Wernicke’s area?

A

left cerebral hemisphere (junction between temporal and parietal lobes)

77
Q

What is Wernicke’s area involved in?

A

SPOKEN language comprehension

78
Q

What happens if you get damage to Wernicke’s area?

A

Wernicke’s aphasia

- you will not be able to understand what people are saying

79
Q

Why do songs get stuck in your head?

A

cortical volume of Heschl’s gyrus is smaller in people prone to these “earworms”
ALSO frontal lobe smaller in these people

80
Q

hearing loss vs deafness

A

hearing loss: reduced capacity to interpret sound

deafness: profound inability to hear (can not hear at all)

81
Q

what can cause hearing loss?

A

aging, physical trauma

82
Q

3 main causes of hearing loss and deafness

types of deafness

A

conduction deafness
sensorineural deafness
central deafness

83
Q

disorders to the outer or middle ear that prevent sounds from reaching the cochlea

  • not getting to hair cells of cochlea
  • ossicle damage, ruptured ear drum, physical blockage
A

conduction deafness

84
Q

deafness originates from cochlear or auditory nerve lesions

- damaged hair cells due to chronic loud noise

A

sensorineural deafness

85
Q

deafness caused by brain lesions such as strokes

  • cochlea is still intact
  • damage to temporal lobe (brain injury), not reaching the primary auditory cortex (A1)
A

central deafness

86
Q

3 ways to restore hearing defecits

A

hearing aids
teflon prosthetics
cochlear implants

87
Q

use electronic amplification to deliver louder sounds to the impaired (but still functional) auditory system

A

hearing aids

88
Q

what can fused ossicles be replaced with

- fused so they cannot vibrate in response to noise

A

teflon prosthetics

89
Q

used to treat deafness due to hair cell loss

- electrical currents stimulate auditory nerve

A

cochlear implants

90
Q

Functions of vestibular system

A

detects position and movement of the head

  • helps maintain posture and balance
  • lets you know if moving up/down, forward/backwards
  • leads to motion sickness
91
Q

what can people who get motion sickness blame?

A

faulty vestibular system

92
Q

Where is the vestibula labyrinth located?

A

in inner ear next to cochlea

93
Q

semicircular canals

A

3 fluid-filled tubes in different planes detect rotation

  • nodding up and down
  • tilting left and right
  • shaking side to side
94
Q

otolith organs

A

fluid-filled sacs that respond to movement

forward/backwards

95
Q

Movement of head pushes _____ through canals to the ______

A

endolymph

ampulla

96
Q

The ampulla has hair cells that are surrounded by….

A

gelatinous cupula coating

97
Q

What happens when endolymph moves?

A

it bends/distorts the cupula opening K+ ion channels

depolarization opens Ca2+ channels and glutamate is released into synapse with the vestibulocochlear nerve

98
Q

what cranial nerve is the vestibulocochlear nerve?

A

CN8

99
Q

Otolith organs respond to movement

what is responsible for horizontal movement?

A

utricle

100
Q

otolith organs respond to movement

what is responsible for vertical movement?

A

saccule

101
Q

otolith organs have hair cells embedded in the macula covered in a gelatinous mass with _____ on top

A

otoconia

102
Q

otoconia

A

tiny calcium carbonate crystals

103
Q

What happens when you get the added weight of the otoconia?

A

It drags the hair cells when the head changes position, opening the K+ channels depolarizing leading to Ca2+ influx and glutamate release into vestibulocochlear nerve

104
Q

What is Vertigo caused by?

A

when otoconia breaks off and migrates into the semicircular canals

  • bumping crystals when moving tells canals head is moving even when it is not moving, get uncontrolled extra movement as if rotating when not
  • get dizziness
105
Q

What neurotransmitter do hair cells release into the synapse with the vestibulocochlear nerve

A

glutamate

106
Q

Where are vestibulocochlear nerve cell bodies located

A

outside CNS in vestibular ganglion

107
Q

Axons enter the brainstem and synapse on how many vestibular nuclei?

A

4

108
Q

What brain regions do the axons of the vestibular nuclei cell bodies extend to?

A

brainstem (spinal cord, cerebellum, midbrain )

109
Q

cerebellum

A

balance and gait control

110
Q

midbrain (tectum)

A

eye movement

111
Q

spinal cord

A

postural/balance movements

112
Q

How do you get motion sickness?

A

contradicting inputs from the vestibular system and sensory inputs to brain

113
Q

Scenarios that lead to motion sickness (4)

A
  • actual vs expected motion
  • motion that is felt but not seen
  • motion seen but not felt
  • motion perceived by both systems but do not match perfectly
114
Q

Role of area postrema in motion sickness?

A

brain believes youmust be hallucinating, triggers vomiting

- gets “this does not match” signal, ingested a toxin

Neuroscience I (32 decks)

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