Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuroscience I > Exam 4: Emotions > Flashcards

Exam 4: Emotions Flashcards

1
Q

a subjective mental state usually accompanied by distinctive behaviors and involuntary physiological changes

A

emotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

emotional states often activate the autonomic nervous system in what 2 ways?

A

sympathetic nervous system

parasympathetic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

sympathetic nervous system

- and what emotions

A

“fight or fight” activates body for action

ex: anger, fear, excitement, super happy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

- and what emotions

A

prepares body to relax and recuperate

ex: love, relief, peaceful feeling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does the cingulate cortex provide for the autonomic nervous system?

A

motor control

- expression of emotional state through gestures, posture, basic movements - body language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

example of cingulate cortex effects on autonomic nervous system?

A

you get so angry that you are shaking your fists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the anterior cingulate responsible for?

A

conflict processing
ex: you have been in a fight with someone and they say “I’m fine” but they say it in an angry tone
(conflict between feeling something but displaying a diff emotion)
- so happy you could cry (conflicting)
- reciprocal projections with PFC to monitor choices and outcomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

where does the anterior cingulate cortex project to?

A

PFC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are facial expressions mediated by?

A
  • muscles, cranial nerves, and CNS pathways
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

2 categories of facial muscles

A

superficial facial muscles - attach to facial skin

deep facial muscles - attach to skeletal structures in head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

facial muscles are innervated by…

A

the facial nerve (CN 7) and the trigeminal nerve (CN 5)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

cranial nerve 7

A

facial nerve

  • motor: making facial expressions
  • sensory: taste
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

cranial nerve 5

A

trigeminal nerve

  • making a surprise face - sensory
  • motor: moving jaw muscles to smile
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

real emotional expressions are…

A

involuntary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

evidence that real emotional expressions are involuntary

A

Duchenne’s muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Duchenne’s muscle

A

false smile: contraction of mouth muscle

real smile: contraction of muscles near the eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

voluntary emotional expressions require…

A

M1 - located in precentral gyrus

- smile for camera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

volitional facial paralysis

A
  • damage to voluntary emotional expression

- told to smile but cannot however if involuntary like at a funny joke they can still smile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

spontaneous (involuntary) emotional expressions require what subcortical structures?

A

limbic system: amygdala and hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

emotional facial paresis

A
  • damage to limbic system

- can get voluntary response however when something is actually funny they cannot smile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

facial feedback hypothesis

A

sensory feedback can affect our mood

ex: forcing a smile can make you feel happier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what medical conditions can impair facial expression?

A

parkinson’s, Moebias, Bell’s palsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Bell’s palsy

A

caused by a virus
causes partial face paralysis
temporary
cannot produce a facial expression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Moebius syndrome

A
  • genetic condition characterized by underdevelopment of abducens and facial cranial nerves
  • difficulty producing facial expression and recognizing emotion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

cranial nerve 6

A

abducens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

James-Lange theory of emotion

A

autonomic reaction triggers feeling

  • the brain processing the response is what produces the emotion
  • heart is racing so then you must be scared
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

A

feelings and autonomic reaction occur simultaneously

  • no interpretation needed
  • emotional and physiological response at same time
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Schacter’s cognitive attribution model

A

emotion labels (angry, joy, fear) are attributed to relatively nonspecific feelings of physiological arousal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Schacter’s model study explanation

A

pairing actor responses (anger or euphoria) to injections of adrenaline influence whether participant experiences anger or happiness

  • when given adrenaline and in room with angry people - would feel angry
  • given epinephrine and exposed to happy people - happy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Schacter’s model: which emotion we experience depends on cognitive systems that assess the______

A

context

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Schacter’s model ex: haunted house

A
  • things jump out at you startle, inc HR
    if everyone laughing at how fake it is - positive emotion, less scary
  • if everyone like omg its so scary - negative emotion it will get scarier
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what do emotions require?

A

networks of activation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How do brain regions participate in emotions

A

the same brain region can participate in multiple emotions

- no one to one relation between a specific brain region and an emotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what precedes the awareness of feeling an emotion?

A
  • patterns of brain activity

physiological responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

brain region that monitors the internal environment

A

hypothalamus

and insula

36
Q

brain region that monitors the external environment

A

amygdala

37
Q

brain region that generates emotional states based on past experiences
- comparing to see how you should react

A

hippocampus

38
Q

brain region that produces physical emotional responses/expressions

A

cingulate gyrus

39
Q

brain region hat produces physical feeling of emotion

A

insular cortex

40
Q

brain region that represents motivation and reward

A

ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens)

41
Q

what does the insula regulate and produce

A

regulates sensory, subjective experience of emotions

produces: whole-body sensations that match emotional states

42
Q

anterior insula

A

complex, whole-body sensations associated with emotion!!!

- anger, sadness, elation, disgust, anxiety, sexual arousal

43
Q

posterior insula

A

basic visceral sensations

- pain, temperature, fatigue, itch, pressure, tension

44
Q

what does the hypothalamus respond to?

A

internal states and homeostatic drives

45
Q

receptors in the bloodstream monitor the consumption of the blood and report that to the ____

A

hypothalamus

46
Q

What are the 3 pathways in which the hypothalamus can affect the internal state?

A

autonomic output pathway
neuroendocrine pathway
motivational pathway

47
Q

autonomic output pathway stimulates ___ and ____

A

sympathetic nervous system

parasympathetic nervous system

48
Q

neuroendocrine pathway regulates ____

A

hormone levels throughout the body

49
Q

motivational pathway stimulates _____ to generate complex plans

A

forebrain

50
Q

the hypothalamus is the first level of the nervous system to bring together what three things

A
  • survival relevant stimulus
  • internal drive caused by these stimuli
  • adaptability - to change internal state in order to respond to a stimulus
51
Q

the amygdala is the key structure in the mediation of___

lesions to amygdala _____

A

fear

abolish fear

52
Q

major brain region for emotions elicited by aversive stimuli

A

central nucleus of amygdala (CeA)

53
Q

How does the amygdala receive inputs from the outside world?

A

basolateral nucleus of the amygdala

54
Q

What is the main exit point of info from the amygdala?

A

central nucleus o amygdala projects to brainstem and spinal cord, hypothalamus, hippocampus, and cerebral cortex

55
Q

Amygdala Low Road

A
  • sensory info from thalamus goes directly to amygdala, bypasses conscious processing
  • get immediate emotional reactions (sympathetic)
    faster than high road
56
Q

Amygdala High Road

A
  • information routed through cortex to get conscious processing
  • need to activate cortical regions
57
Q

Neural mechanisms of fear in PTSD

A
  • inc in low road activation

even when you know something is not a threat you still get an inc in sympathetic activation

58
Q

What happens with people who have bilateral damage to their amygdala?

A
  • show no fear in response to external threats
  • feel fear in response to epinephrine and hypoxia
  • brain must rely on other systems to warn of threats (dangerous)
59
Q

Patient SM: Urbach- Wiethe Disease

A
  • amygdala calcifies over time

- prevents the expression of fear

60
Q

mesolimbic dopamine system is highly implicated in____

A

pleasure

61
Q

where are the cell bodies for mesolimbic dopamine system?

A

ventral tegmental area

axons project to nucleus accumbens (NAcc)

62
Q

what does the mesolimbic dopamine system respond to?

A

actual or expected rewards
- pleasure inc dopamine release in NAcc
work hard to get release of dopamine to the NAcc

63
Q

primary reinforcers

A

immediately rewarding/naturally reinforcing

- food, water, sex, psychoactive drugs trigger inc NAcc

64
Q

when are activation patterns highest for primary reinforcers?

A

after periods of deprivation

65
Q

2 examples of primary reinforcers

A

music and humor

- hearing your fav song inc mesolimbic dopamine release

66
Q

secondary reinforcers

A
  • conditioned reinforcers
  • learned value
  • become reinforcing through associations
  • ex: money, grades, trophies, ads
67
Q

What does dopamine in the NAcc predict?

A

how hard one will work to receive reward (motivation)

68
Q

what do you activate when preforming tasks that lead to secondary reinforcers?

A

VTA and NAcc

69
Q

Schadenfreude

A

taking pleasure in bad things happening to others

- rivalry

70
Q

What happens when your rival loses?

A

you get nucleus accumbens activation

71
Q

what is activated when your rival wins?

A

insula and cingulate cortex

72
Q

happiness is ______

A

non-dopaminergic

73
Q

frontal cortex and happiness

A

-orbitofrontal cortex:
activated especially with good tastes, smells, sensations
- humor

74
Q

amygdala and happiness

A

many positive emotion inducing stimuli DECREASE activity of amygdala
- happiness inhibits amygdala

75
Q

what area is activated by all different types of jokes?

A

ventromedial pre-frontal cortex (vmPFC)

76
Q

what region is activated by dirty jokes

A

orbitofrontal cortex

77
Q

dorsolateral PFC and ventrolateral PFC

A
  • support active self-regulation of emotion

- if did well on a test and no one else did - hide emotions (elsa)

78
Q

ventromedial prefrontal cortex

A
  • judgements about emotional states

- trust your gut “gut instinct”

79
Q

love activates the ____ and _____

A

insula

anterior cingulate

80
Q

love decreases activity in the _____

A

prefrontal cortex
- decision making, judgement
“love makes you stupid”

81
Q

where are mirror neurons located and where do they receive info from?

A
  • in premotor cortex of frontal lobe

receive from temporal lobe and posterior parietal lobe

82
Q

what are mirror neurons activated in response to

A

facial expressions in others

83
Q

involved in learning to initiate actions of others and empathizing with emotions of others

A

mirror neurons

84
Q

mimetic desire

A

someone’s desire mimics that of another

- daughter says she wants something only after seeing brother has it - did not want it before

85
Q

2 systems involved in mimetic desire

A

mirror system

valuation system

86
Q

system with mirror neurons in premotor cortex and parietal lobe

A

mirror system

87
Q

system involved in reward and motivation regions including the medial PFC and NAcc

A

valuation system

Neuroscience I (32 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions