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Neuroscience I > Exam 4: Emotions > Flashcards

Exam 4: Emotions Flashcards

1
Q

a subjective mental state usually accompanied by distinctive behaviors and involuntary physiological changes

A

emotion

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2
Q

emotional states often activate the autonomic nervous system in what 2 ways?

A

sympathetic nervous system

parasympathetic nervous system

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3
Q

sympathetic nervous system

- and what emotions

A

“fight or fight” activates body for action

ex: anger, fear, excitement, super happy

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4
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

- and what emotions

A

prepares body to relax and recuperate

ex: love, relief, peaceful feeling

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5
Q

What does the cingulate cortex provide for the autonomic nervous system?

A

motor control

- expression of emotional state through gestures, posture, basic movements - body language

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6
Q

example of cingulate cortex effects on autonomic nervous system?

A

you get so angry that you are shaking your fists

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7
Q

What is the anterior cingulate responsible for?

A

conflict processing
ex: you have been in a fight with someone and they say “I’m fine” but they say it in an angry tone
(conflict between feeling something but displaying a diff emotion)
- so happy you could cry (conflicting)
- reciprocal projections with PFC to monitor choices and outcomes

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8
Q

where does the anterior cingulate cortex project to?

A

PFC

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9
Q

what are facial expressions mediated by?

A
  • muscles, cranial nerves, and CNS pathways
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10
Q

2 categories of facial muscles

A

superficial facial muscles - attach to facial skin

deep facial muscles - attach to skeletal structures in head

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11
Q

facial muscles are innervated by…

A

the facial nerve (CN 7) and the trigeminal nerve (CN 5)

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12
Q

cranial nerve 7

A

facial nerve

  • motor: making facial expressions
  • sensory: taste
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13
Q

cranial nerve 5

A

trigeminal nerve

  • making a surprise face - sensory
  • motor: moving jaw muscles to smile
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14
Q

real emotional expressions are…

A

involuntary

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15
Q

evidence that real emotional expressions are involuntary

A

Duchenne’s muscle

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16
Q

Duchenne’s muscle

A

false smile: contraction of mouth muscle

real smile: contraction of muscles near the eye

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17
Q

voluntary emotional expressions require…

A

M1 - located in precentral gyrus

- smile for camera

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18
Q

volitional facial paralysis

A
  • damage to voluntary emotional expression

- told to smile but cannot however if involuntary like at a funny joke they can still smile

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19
Q

spontaneous (involuntary) emotional expressions require what subcortical structures?

A

limbic system: amygdala and hypothalamus

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20
Q

emotional facial paresis

A
  • damage to limbic system

- can get voluntary response however when something is actually funny they cannot smile

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21
Q

facial feedback hypothesis

A

sensory feedback can affect our mood

ex: forcing a smile can make you feel happier

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22
Q

what medical conditions can impair facial expression?

A

parkinson’s, Moebias, Bell’s palsy

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23
Q

Bell’s palsy

A

caused by a virus
causes partial face paralysis
temporary
cannot produce a facial expression

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24
Q

Moebius syndrome

A
  • genetic condition characterized by underdevelopment of abducens and facial cranial nerves
  • difficulty producing facial expression and recognizing emotion
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25
cranial nerve 6
abducens
26
James-Lange theory of emotion
autonomic reaction triggers feeling - the brain processing the response is what produces the emotion - heart is racing so then you must be scared
27
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
feelings and autonomic reaction occur simultaneously - no interpretation needed - emotional and physiological response at same time
28
Schacter's cognitive attribution model
emotion labels (angry, joy, fear) are attributed to relatively nonspecific feelings of physiological arousal
29
Schacter's model study explanation
pairing actor responses (anger or euphoria) to injections of adrenaline influence whether participant experiences anger or happiness - when given adrenaline and in room with angry people - would feel angry - given epinephrine and exposed to happy people - happy
30
Schacter's model: which emotion we experience depends on cognitive systems that assess the______
context
31
Schacter's model ex: haunted house
- things jump out at you startle, inc HR if everyone laughing at how fake it is - positive emotion, less scary - if everyone like omg its so scary - negative emotion it will get scarier
32
what do emotions require?
networks of activation
33
How do brain regions participate in emotions
the same brain region can participate in multiple emotions | - no one to one relation between a specific brain region and an emotion
34
what precedes the awareness of feeling an emotion?
- patterns of brain activity | physiological responses
35
brain region that monitors the internal environment
hypothalamus | and insula
36
brain region that monitors the external environment
amygdala
37
brain region that generates emotional states based on past experiences - comparing to see how you should react
hippocampus
38
brain region that produces physical emotional responses/expressions
cingulate gyrus
39
brain region hat produces physical feeling of emotion
insular cortex
40
brain region that represents motivation and reward
ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens)
41
what does the insula regulate and produce
regulates sensory, subjective experience of emotions | produces: whole-body sensations that match emotional states
42
anterior insula
complex, whole-body sensations associated with emotion!!! | - anger, sadness, elation, disgust, anxiety, sexual arousal
43
posterior insula
basic visceral sensations | - pain, temperature, fatigue, itch, pressure, tension
44
what does the hypothalamus respond to?
internal states and homeostatic drives
45
receptors in the bloodstream monitor the consumption of the blood and report that to the ____
hypothalamus
46
What are the 3 pathways in which the hypothalamus can affect the internal state?
autonomic output pathway neuroendocrine pathway motivational pathway
47
autonomic output pathway stimulates ___ and ____
sympathetic nervous system | parasympathetic nervous system
48
neuroendocrine pathway regulates ____
hormone levels throughout the body
49
motivational pathway stimulates _____ to generate complex plans
forebrain
50
the hypothalamus is the first level of the nervous system to bring together what three things
- survival relevant stimulus - internal drive caused by these stimuli - adaptability - to change internal state in order to respond to a stimulus
51
the amygdala is the key structure in the mediation of___ | lesions to amygdala _____
fear | abolish fear
52
major brain region for emotions elicited by aversive stimuli
central nucleus of amygdala (CeA)
53
How does the amygdala receive inputs from the outside world?
basolateral nucleus of the amygdala
54
What is the main exit point of info from the amygdala?
central nucleus o amygdala projects to brainstem and spinal cord, hypothalamus, hippocampus, and cerebral cortex
55
Amygdala Low Road
- sensory info from thalamus goes directly to amygdala, bypasses conscious processing - get immediate emotional reactions (sympathetic) faster than high road
56
Amygdala High Road
- information routed through cortex to get conscious processing - need to activate cortical regions
57
Neural mechanisms of fear in PTSD
- inc in low road activation | even when you know something is not a threat you still get an inc in sympathetic activation
58
What happens with people who have bilateral damage to their amygdala?
- show no fear in response to external threats - feel fear in response to epinephrine and hypoxia - brain must rely on other systems to warn of threats (dangerous)
59
Patient SM: Urbach- Wiethe Disease
- amygdala calcifies over time | - prevents the expression of fear
60
mesolimbic dopamine system is highly implicated in____
pleasure
61
where are the cell bodies for mesolimbic dopamine system?
ventral tegmental area | axons project to nucleus accumbens (NAcc)
62
what does the mesolimbic dopamine system respond to?
actual or expected rewards - pleasure inc dopamine release in NAcc work hard to get release of dopamine to the NAcc
63
primary reinforcers
immediately rewarding/naturally reinforcing | - food, water, sex, psychoactive drugs trigger inc NAcc
64
when are activation patterns highest for primary reinforcers?
after periods of deprivation
65
2 examples of primary reinforcers
music and humor | - hearing your fav song inc mesolimbic dopamine release
66
secondary reinforcers
- conditioned reinforcers - learned value - become reinforcing through associations - ex: money, grades, trophies, ads
67
What does dopamine in the NAcc predict?
how hard one will work to receive reward (motivation)
68
what do you activate when preforming tasks that lead to secondary reinforcers?
VTA and NAcc
69
Schadenfreude
taking pleasure in bad things happening to others | - rivalry
70
What happens when your rival loses?
you get nucleus accumbens activation
71
what is activated when your rival wins?
insula and cingulate cortex
72
happiness is ______
non-dopaminergic
73
frontal cortex and happiness
-orbitofrontal cortex: activated especially with good tastes, smells, sensations - humor
74
amygdala and happiness
many positive emotion inducing stimuli DECREASE activity of amygdala - happiness inhibits amygdala
75
what area is activated by all different types of jokes?
ventromedial pre-frontal cortex (vmPFC)
76
what region is activated by dirty jokes
orbitofrontal cortex
77
dorsolateral PFC and ventrolateral PFC
- support active self-regulation of emotion | - if did well on a test and no one else did - hide emotions (elsa)
78
ventromedial prefrontal cortex
- judgements about emotional states | - trust your gut "gut instinct"
79
love activates the ____ and _____
insula | anterior cingulate
80
love decreases activity in the _____
prefrontal cortex - decision making, judgement "love makes you stupid"
81
where are mirror neurons located and where do they receive info from?
- in premotor cortex of frontal lobe | receive from temporal lobe and posterior parietal lobe
82
what are mirror neurons activated in response to
facial expressions in others
83
involved in learning to initiate actions of others and empathizing with emotions of others
mirror neurons
84
mimetic desire
someone's desire mimics that of another | - daughter says she wants something only after seeing brother has it - did not want it before
85
2 systems involved in mimetic desire
mirror system | valuation system
86
system with mirror neurons in premotor cortex and parietal lobe
mirror system
87
system involved in reward and motivation regions including the medial PFC and NAcc
valuation system

Neuroscience I (32 decks)

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