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Neuroscience I > Exam 4: Language and Lateralization > Flashcards

Exam 4: Language and Lateralization Flashcards

1
Q

left and right hemispheres of the brain are nearly ______
do they function independently?
are they identical?

A

mirror images of eachother
no
no

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2
Q

corpus callosum

A

connects the right and left hemispheres

  • bundle of axons
  • allows for rapid communication and integration of sensory and motor information
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3
Q

lateralization

A

hemisphere specialization
- handedness implicated in lateralization
10-15% population left handed - often excluded from analysis

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4
Q

left hemisphere

A
  • verbal abilities

- analysis of sequences

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5
Q

right hemisphere (3)

A
  • spatial cognition, puzzles, drawing
    (faces, geometric shapes, direction/navigation, 3D rotation of objects)
  • organizing narrative (telling story)
  • understanding prosody (emotional tone of voice)
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6
Q

is there evidence that links 1 brain hemisphere to personality traits/strengths ? aka being creative or analytical

A

no

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7
Q

injection of fast acting sedative sodium amytal into carotid artery unilaterally
- usually done to epileptics undergoing surgery

A

Wada Test

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8
Q

What happens in a Wada test?

A

ipsilateral anesthesia - stimulates stroke (shuts down ipsilateral brain activity that receives blood from carotid)

  • allows assessment of contralateral hemisphere
  • helps determine “dominant hemisphere”
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9
Q

Wada Test: injections into dominant speech hemisphere

A

patient temporarily mute

  • usually left hemisphere
  • rarely language lateralized to right hemisphere, these individuals usually left handed - not common
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10
Q

Wada Test: injections into non-dominant speech hemisphere

A

negligible changes in speech

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11
Q

what hemisphere is specialized for spoken language

A

left !

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12
Q

dichotic presentation

A
  • present sound to both ears simultaneously

- ask patient to identify BOTH sounds

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13
Q

right ear advantage

A

right handed people identify verbal stimuli delivered to right ear better than left ear - 90% of time
- for left handed it is 50/50 which side they hear better from

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14
Q

verbal information to the right ear is process by the ___ auditory cortex and passes directly to speech systems in the ____ hemisphere

A

left

left

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15
Q

verbal information presented to left ear is first processed by _____ auditory cortex and then transmitted to speech systems in the ____ hemisphere

A

right

left

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16
Q

Tachistoscope Test

A
  • briefly presents visual stimuli to the left OR right half of the visual field without the other half being able to see
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17
Q

verbal stimuli (words/letters) presented to ____ visual field recognized more accurately than when presented to the ____ visual field

A

right

left

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18
Q

nonverbal stimuli (faces, shapes) presented to ____ visual field recognized more accurately than when presented to ____ visual field

A

left

right

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19
Q

planum temporale

A

in temporal lobe
auditory processing, distinguishing fine details
- larger in left hemisphere
- includes part of Wernicke’s area
- asymmetry evident before substantial experience with speech

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20
Q

which hemisphere does music activate more

A

right

  • especially if instrumental and no words
  • musical perception impaired by damage to right hemisphere
  • only damage to BOTH can abolish musical perception
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21
Q

which hemisphere is associated with perfect pitch

A

left

- measurements of left planum temporale are bigger in musicians with perfect pitch

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22
Q

which hemisphere is essential for facial discrimination

A

right

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23
Q

prosopagnosia

A

face blindness

people fail to recognize familiar faces, including their own

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24
Q

what causes complete prosopagnosia?

A

bilateral damage to fusiform gyrus

- worse if the right fusiform gyrus

25
Q

split brain

A

corpus callosum severed to separate left and right brain hemispheres
- treatment for epilepsy (seizures)
(it helps dampen down the excitability)
- NO behavioral/cognitive deficits
- hemispheres cannot communicate with eachother
- can do 2 diff tasks simultaneously (draw star and circle)
- can cause disagreements

26
Q

split brain patients can verbally describe a stimulus presented to the ____ visual field but not one presented to the ___ visual field

A

right

left

27
Q

give right brain an object and ask left brain what it is they are holding and they will say nothing

A

split brain

28
Q

the sound output meant to convey meaning

produces sound waves - physical sound

A

speech

29
Q

ability to translate our ideas into signals for another person

A

language

30
Q

ability to convey meaning to others (transmission of information)

A

communication

31
Q

5 basic elements of language

A 
phonemes
morphemes
semantics
syntax
pragmatics
32
Q

basic speech sounds

A

phonemes

33
Q

simple units of meaning

- breaking down unfathomable into un, fathom, and able

A

morphemes

34
Q

meanings of words or sentences

A

semantics

35
Q

grammatical rules for constructing phrases aand sentences

A

syntax

36
Q

context in which a speech sound is uttered

A

pragmatics

37
Q

neologism

A

entirely novel words - non-words

38
Q

aphasia

A

impaired ability to understand or produce language

  • typically caused by brain injury
  • 25-50% stroke patients experience aphasia
  • 90% due to left cerebral hemisphere damage (language area)
39
Q

substitution of word by a sound/incorrect word/unintended word/neologism

A

paraphasia

40
Q

why does language require complex networks of brain regions? (2)

A
  • understand spoken and written language

- produce spoken and written language

41
Q

primary visual cortex is for what type of language

A

written language

42
Q

primary motor cortex is for which type of language

A

spoken

43
Q

transforms visual info into auditory (reading something aloud in your head)

A

angular gyrus

44
Q

axon fibers that connect Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas

A

arcuate fasciculus

45
Q

series of brain regions involved in repeating or responding to spoken word

A
  1. primary auditory cortex
  2. Wernicke’s area
  3. arcuate fasciculus
  4. Broca’s area
  5. motor cortex
46
Q

series of brain regions involved in speaking a written word

A
  1. primary visual cortex
  2. angular gyrus
  3. wernicke’s area
  4. Broca’s area
  5. motor cortex
47
Q

dorsal stream pathways (2)

A
  • Wernicke’s to premotor cortex (speech production, word repitition)
  • Wernicke’s to Broca’s (grammar)
48
Q

ventral stream language pathway

A

auditory cortex to Broca’s (processing sounds and extracting meaning)
- help interpret sounds

49
Q

Broca’s area

A

in ventral posterior frontal lobe of dominant hemisphere (usually left)

  • speech production
  • speech motor plan generation (contains memories of sequences of muscular movements needed to articulate words) - how to make mouth say letter “m”
50
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

caused by lesions to Broca’s area

  • expressive aphasia: difficulty expressing language
  • writing is equally impaired
  • language comprehension in tact
  • can understand what people are saying but cannot produce language, struggle to come up with words
51
Q

Insula in language

A
  • mediates motor aspects of speech production - articulatory control
  • shares reciprocal function and structure connections with linguistic, motor, limbic, and sensory areas of brain
52
Q

Wernicke’s area

A
  • located on left superior temporal gyrus

- speech comprehension

53
Q

fluent (Wernicke’s ) aphasia

A

damage to wernicke’s area

  • can speak but no longer understand spoken language
  • jumbled, nonsensical words
  • contains many paraphasias
    ex: elaine from riverside
54
Q

arcuate fasciculus

A

bundle of axons connecting Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas

55
Q

conduction aphasia

A
  • damage to arcuate fasciculus , paired with damage to supra marginal gyrus in parietal cortex
  • prevents language center in brain from communicating with speech center in brain
  • Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas spared but cannot connect
56
Q

supra marginal gyrus

A

implicated in ability to link words with meaning

57
Q

symptoms of conduction aphasia

A
  • difficulty repeating words
  • paraphasic errors (picking wrong words)
  • errors during spontaneous speech
58
Q

angular gyrus

A
  • found in inferior parietal lobe
  • involved in language and number processing, memory, learning (being able to make sense of meaning and content of written words)
  • nonverbal language understanding
59
Q

lesions to angular gyrus

A
  • disconnect systems in visual and auditory language
  • patients can speak and understand but have difficulty reading aloud
  • dyslexia (word blindness)

cannot process written language into auditory - could not read a recipe out loud to someone

Neuroscience I (32 decks)

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