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Neuroscience I > Exam 2 Material: Chemical Senses > Flashcards

Exam 2 Material: Chemical Senses Flashcards

1
Q

2 ways to detect chemicals in environment

A

taste and smell

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2
Q

Olfaction

A

smell

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3
Q

Odors

A

perceptual experiences that derive from the detection of airborne chemical molecules known as odorants

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4
Q

odorants

A

airborne chemical molecules

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5
Q

What airborne chemicals does the olfactory system not respond to?

A

natural gas and carbon monoxide

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6
Q

In conjunction with what can smell help identify food?

A

taste

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7
Q

What are smell receptors and where are they found?

A

olfactory receptor cells

found in olfactory epithelium (mucous membranes) in the nose

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8
Q

3 types of cells in olfactory epithelium

A

olfactory receptor cells
sustentacular cells
basal cells

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9
Q

bipolar neurons surrounded and cushioned by supporting cells

  • make up CN1
  • dendrites extend into mucous and are covered in 5-20 radiating cilia
  • axons extend into olfactory bulb
A

olfactory receptor cells

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10
Q

provide structural support, clear potential damaging agents, maintain local salt and water balance

  • “astrocyte” in the nose
  • makes sure olfactory receptors do their job
A

sustenacular cells

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11
Q

basal cells

A

olfactory progenitor (stem cells)

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12
Q

responsible for regenerating olfactory sensory cells and sustenacular cells
- every 30-60 days

A

basal cells

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13
Q

why do olfactory cells get regenerated?

A

they can damaged frequently by chemicals in the environment like hen you smell bleach that kills hair cells

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14
Q

cilia on olfactory cell dendrites contain ____ and respond to several different _____

A

olfactory receptors

odorants

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15
Q

In odorant receptors what receptors open Na+ and Ca2+ channels and depolarize receptor cell membrane

A

metabotropic receptors

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16
Q

axons of the olfactory receptor cells form…

A

olfactory nerve (CN1)

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17
Q

Olfactory receptor cells axons extend through the _____ and synapse with ______ in the ______ in the brain

A

cribiform plate
mitral cells
olfactory bulb

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18
Q

Why do mitral cells differ in the olfactory bulb?

A

diff smells are mapped in diff areas

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19
Q

CN1 axons and mitral cell dendrites form synapses in

A

glomeruli

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20
Q

glomeruli

A

separate maps that receive info about different smell qualities

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21
Q

Mitral cell axons form _____ that project to the brain

A

olfactory tracts

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22
Q

What is the ONLY system that does not pass through the thalamus for basic level processing

A

olfactory system

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23
Q

Olfactory tract axons project directly to the… 3 of them

A

piriform cortex (temporal lobe)
amygdala
entorhinal cortex

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24
Q

piriform cortex

A
  • primary olfactory cortex

- sweet vs savory, what is it?

25
amygdala
emotional aspects of smell | - if it is a dead body (sad) or smell chocolate chips (happy)
26
entorhinal cortex
smell memory | - what does this smell remind you of
27
Orbitofrontal cortex
receives projections from the piriform cortex and the limbic system
28
3 functions of the orbitofrontal cortex
- establishes emotional nature of odors - integrates smell and taste info - important in perception and discrimination of odors
29
olfactory tubercle
connects with almost 30 brain regions involved in physical reactions to smell - salvation, eyes watering
30
5 basic tastes
salty, sour, sweet, bitter, umami (savory)
31
Flavor
variety of sensations aroused by different foods | - relies on sense of smell as well as taste
32
Papillae on tongue increase....
surface are like gyri in cortex
33
filiform papillae
- most abundant papillae - NO taste receptors - Sensations like pressure/touch - front 2/3 of tongue
34
3 kinds of taste papillae
circumvallate foliate fungiform
35
circumvallate papillae
back of tongue, really big
36
foliate papillae
sides of tongue
37
fungiform papillae
little bumps
38
Where are taste receptors found?
ON papillae, papillae are NOT the taste receptors themselves
39
How often are taste cells replaced?
constantly, monthly
40
What do taste buds do to contact tastants?
they embed in the papillae and extend microvilli into a pore
41
each taste cell responds to how many of the basic tastes
ONE
42
What are salty tastes detected by?
Na+ ion channels
43
Salty Na+ channels
Na+ ions enter cell causing depolarization that sends info to the brain , causes Ca channels to open and release neurotransmitter into synapse with the taste receptor
44
What are some sour foods?
lemons, vinegar, carbonation detected by same receptors
45
Sour: what do all taste buds release?
hydrogen ions that bind to and block K+ channels
46
What happens when K+ blocked
K+ cannot leave cell, depolarization
47
Which tastes stimulate metabotropic receptors?
sweet, bitter, umami
48
Sweet tastants are detected by...
T1R2 and T1R3 heterodimer
49
Bitter tastants are detected by...
T2R dimer
50
High sensitivity to bitter tastes evolved to...
signal toxicity - help you stay alive
51
Umami receptors
- metabotropic glutamate receptor | T1R1 and T1R3
52
Where is taste info relayed to?
- thalamus - primary gustatory cortex - some bypass all of this and go to amygdala
53
Are gustatory signals contralateral or ipsilateral?
remain ipsilateral!!
54
3 cranial nerves that relay taste info
facial (anterior tongue) glossopharyngeal (posterior tongue) vagus (palate, epiglottis)
55
Cranial nerves synapse where? first synapse
in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) in the medulla
56
second synapse of taste pathway
thalamus
57
after synapsing in thalamus where do the fibers branch to in taste pathway?
- gustatory cortex - hypothalamus and limbic system 3rd synapse - gustatory cortex and limbic regions
58
a subset of primary gustatory cortex neurons have axons that synapse in the...
orbitofrontal cortex - integration of smell and taste
59
Are taste receptors only in the mouth?
NO - gut: T1R3 sweet and gustducin - regulate hormone release and protect against toxins - nose and bronchioles: T2R bitter - regulate protective reflexes like sneezing and coughing

Neuroscience I (32 decks)

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