Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuroscience I > Exam 2 Material: Chemical Senses > Flashcards

Exam 2 Material: Chemical Senses Flashcards

1
Q

2 ways to detect chemicals in environment

A

taste and smell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Olfaction

A

smell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Odors

A

perceptual experiences that derive from the detection of airborne chemical molecules known as odorants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

odorants

A

airborne chemical molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What airborne chemicals does the olfactory system not respond to?

A

natural gas and carbon monoxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

In conjunction with what can smell help identify food?

A

taste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are smell receptors and where are they found?

A

olfactory receptor cells

found in olfactory epithelium (mucous membranes) in the nose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

3 types of cells in olfactory epithelium

A

olfactory receptor cells
sustentacular cells
basal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

bipolar neurons surrounded and cushioned by supporting cells

  • make up CN1
  • dendrites extend into mucous and are covered in 5-20 radiating cilia
  • axons extend into olfactory bulb
A

olfactory receptor cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

provide structural support, clear potential damaging agents, maintain local salt and water balance

  • “astrocyte” in the nose
  • makes sure olfactory receptors do their job
A

sustenacular cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

basal cells

A

olfactory progenitor (stem cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

responsible for regenerating olfactory sensory cells and sustenacular cells
- every 30-60 days

A

basal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

why do olfactory cells get regenerated?

A

they can damaged frequently by chemicals in the environment like hen you smell bleach that kills hair cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

cilia on olfactory cell dendrites contain ____ and respond to several different _____

A

olfactory receptors

odorants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

In odorant receptors what receptors open Na+ and Ca2+ channels and depolarize receptor cell membrane

A

metabotropic receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

axons of the olfactory receptor cells form…

A

olfactory nerve (CN1)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Olfactory receptor cells axons extend through the _____ and synapse with ______ in the ______ in the brain

A

cribiform plate
mitral cells
olfactory bulb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Why do mitral cells differ in the olfactory bulb?

A

diff smells are mapped in diff areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

CN1 axons and mitral cell dendrites form synapses in

A

glomeruli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

glomeruli

A

separate maps that receive info about different smell qualities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Mitral cell axons form _____ that project to the brain

A

olfactory tracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the ONLY system that does not pass through the thalamus for basic level processing

A

olfactory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Olfactory tract axons project directly to the… 3 of them

A

piriform cortex (temporal lobe)
amygdala
entorhinal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

piriform cortex

A
  • primary olfactory cortex

- sweet vs savory, what is it?

25
Q

amygdala

A

emotional aspects of smell

- if it is a dead body (sad) or smell chocolate chips (happy)

26
Q

entorhinal cortex

A

smell memory

- what does this smell remind you of

27
Q

Orbitofrontal cortex

A

receives projections from the piriform cortex and the limbic system

28
Q

3 functions of the orbitofrontal cortex

A
  • establishes emotional nature of odors
  • integrates smell and taste info
  • important in perception and discrimination of odors
29
Q

olfactory tubercle

A

connects with almost 30 brain regions involved in physical reactions to smell
- salvation, eyes watering

30
Q

5 basic tastes

A

salty, sour, sweet, bitter, umami (savory)

31
Q

Flavor

A

variety of sensations aroused by different foods

- relies on sense of smell as well as taste

32
Q

Papillae on tongue increase….

A

surface are like gyri in cortex

33
Q

filiform papillae

A
  • most abundant papillae
  • NO taste receptors
  • Sensations like pressure/touch
  • front 2/3 of tongue
34
Q

3 kinds of taste papillae

A

circumvallate
foliate
fungiform

35
Q

circumvallate papillae

A

back of tongue, really big

36
Q

foliate papillae

A

sides of tongue

37
Q

fungiform papillae

A

little bumps

38
Q

Where are taste receptors found?

A

ON papillae, papillae are NOT the taste receptors themselves

39
Q

How often are taste cells replaced?

A

constantly, monthly

40
Q

What do taste buds do to contact tastants?

A

they embed in the papillae and extend microvilli into a pore

41
Q

each taste cell responds to how many of the basic tastes

A

ONE

42
Q

What are salty tastes detected by?

A

Na+ ion channels

43
Q

Salty Na+ channels

A

Na+ ions enter cell causing depolarization that sends info to the brain , causes Ca channels to open and release neurotransmitter into synapse with the taste receptor

44
Q

What are some sour foods?

A

lemons, vinegar, carbonation detected by same receptors

45
Q

Sour: what do all taste buds release?

A

hydrogen ions that bind to and block K+ channels

46
Q

What happens when K+ blocked

A

K+ cannot leave cell, depolarization

47
Q

Which tastes stimulate metabotropic receptors?

A

sweet, bitter, umami

48
Q

Sweet tastants are detected by…

A

T1R2 and T1R3 heterodimer

49
Q

Bitter tastants are detected by…

A

T2R dimer

50
Q

High sensitivity to bitter tastes evolved to…

A

signal toxicity - help you stay alive

51
Q

Umami receptors

A
  • metabotropic glutamate receptor

T1R1 and T1R3

52
Q

Where is taste info relayed to?

A
  • thalamus
  • primary gustatory cortex
  • some bypass all of this and go to amygdala
53
Q

Are gustatory signals contralateral or ipsilateral?

A

remain ipsilateral!!

54
Q

3 cranial nerves that relay taste info

A

facial (anterior tongue)
glossopharyngeal (posterior tongue)
vagus (palate, epiglottis)

55
Q

Cranial nerves synapse where? first synapse

A

in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) in the medulla

56
Q

second synapse of taste pathway

A

thalamus

57
Q

after synapsing in thalamus where do the fibers branch to in taste pathway?

A
  • gustatory cortex
  • hypothalamus and limbic system
    3rd synapse - gustatory cortex and limbic regions
58
Q

a subset of primary gustatory cortex neurons have axons that synapse in the…

A

orbitofrontal cortex - integration of smell and taste

59
Q

Are taste receptors only in the mouth?

A

NO

  • gut: T1R3 sweet and gustducin
    - regulate hormone release and protect against toxins
  • nose and bronchioles: T2R bitter
    • regulate protective reflexes like sneezing and coughing

Neuroscience I (32 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions