Exam 3: Sleep Pt 2

Question 1

what is sleep

Answer 1

NOT a state of unconsciousness

just a DIFFERENT state of consciousness

Question 2

readily reversible state of reduced responsiveness to and interaction with the environment

Answer 2

sleep

Question 3

3 ways we measure sleep

Answer 3

• electroencephalogram (EEG)
• electromyogram (EMG)
• electrooculogram (EOG)

Question 4

electroencephalogram

Answer 4

measures electrical activity in brain

Question 5

electromyogram

Answer 5

measure electrical activity in muscles

Question 6

electrooculogram

Answer 6

measures electrical activity in eyes

Question 7

what do EEG rhythms categorize brain rhythms based on?

Answer 7

frequency (Hz)
how many action potentials are happening
- net average activity of electrical potentials of neurons across cortex
- timing of neural activity
synchrony = peak amplitude

Question 8

what does each electrode in EEG measure?

Answer 8

cerebral cortex electrical activity

Question 9

synchronized

Answer 9

higher peak in amplitude

Question 10

desynchronized

Answer 10

all clapping at own beat - neurons fire action rate - amplitude shorter because it is not as loud

Question 11

EEGs measure

Answer 11

frequency and amplitude

Question 12

gamma waves

Answer 12

• desynchronized, increased frequency, decreased amplitude (30-100 Hz)
• attention, movement, higher cognitive function

Question 13

Beta waves

Answer 13

• desynchronized, increased frequency, decreased amplitude (12-30)
• normal waking state, concentration, focus, sensory processing

Question 14

Alpha waves

Answer 14

transitional
- medium frequency (7.5-12)
more synchronized - higher amplitude
- relaxation, light meditation - more awake than asleep

Question 15

Theta waves

Answer 15

transitional
- slower frequency (3.5-7.5)
entering sleep
- drowsiness, relaxation, light sleep, deep meditation

Question 16

Delta waves

Answer 16

synchronized, large amplitude, low frequency waves (0.1-4)
- deep, unconscious, dreamless sleep
far less action potentials

Question 17

What are the stages of sleep

Answer 17

wakefulness
stage 1
stage 2
stage 3
REM sleep

Question 18

How many cycles of seep do you typically get/night

Answer 18

4-5 each cycle being 90-120 min

Question 19

what are the stages of sleep differentiated by?

Answer 19

patterns of electrical activity in cerebral cortex

Question 20

wakefulness

Answer 20

alert period with desynchronized beta wave activity

- high frequency, low amplitude waves

Question 21

why does wakefulness have beta waves?

Answer 21

processing info from many places at once, so many diff signals

Question 22

Non-REM sleep

Answer 22

3 stages

Question 23

stage 1

Answer 23

transition from wakefulness to sleep

- alpha waves and vertex spikes

Question 24

stage 2

Answer 24

light sleep p slowing brain activity interrupted by sleep spindles and k-complexes

Question 25

sleep spindles

Answer 25

- bursts of brain activity (12-14 Hz) - generated in thalamus suppresses info about external stimulus to reduce chance of the sleeper waking up

Question 26

k-complexes

Answer 26

- large waves in response to external stimuli - protect sleeper from waking up especially when loud noises around - contributes to memory consolidation

Question 27

when do people deny having slept?

Answer 27

when awakened during stage 1 or stage 2 sleep

Question 28

stage 3

Answer 28

"slow wave sleep (SWS)" - defined by large-amplitude very slow delta waves - parasympathetic nervous system predominates (rest and digest, slower heart rate and BP)

Question 29

REM sleep

Answer 29

- period of desynchronized EEG activity during sleep - increased EOG activity - loss of core muscle tone - sleep paralysis - autonomic arousal

Question 30

period of desynchronized EEG activity in REM sleep

Answer 30

- brain activity patterns like those during wakefulness | beta

Question 31

loss of core muscle tone in REM sleep

Answer 31

- brainstem inhibits motor neurons

Question 32

autonomic arousal in REM sleep

Answer 32

sympathetic | - inc heart rate, dilation of blood vessels inc breathing

Question 33

increased EOG activity in REM sleep

Answer 33

eyelids flutter during sleep

Question 34

where does blood flow change during dreams

Answer 34

it changes in the occipital lobe and the prefrontal cortex

Question 35

increase in ____ and decrease in ____ and ____ during REM sleep

Answer 35

increase in visual association (extrastriate cortex) - reflects visual hallucination decrease in striate and prefrontal cortex - not getting visual cues bc eyes closed

Question 36

what occurs when you get low activity of the prefrontal cortex

Answer 36

no suppression f your dreams, no decision making or judgement or attention which is why in your dreams you can be fighting dragons and conquering the world

Question 37

vivid dreams can be predicted if there is a lot of ____

Answer 37

high frequency EEG activity in posterior cortex regions

Question 38

night mares

Answer 38

long frightening dreams that awaken sleeper from REM sleep | - can remember and tell you what it was since rem was when awakened

Question 39

night terrors

Answer 39

sudden arousals from NREM sleep marked by fear and autonomic activity - parasympathetic do not remember dream bc awaked in NREM sleep

Question 40

when do humans sleep more

Answer 40

infancy sleep more than in adulthood

Question 41

infant sleep characterized by

Answer 41

- shorter sleep cycles - more REM sleep as people age the total time asleep declines and number of awakenings increases

Question 42

stage ___ sleep declines dramatically

Answer 42

3 | - at age 60, only have as much sleep as at age 20 by 80 it has completely disappeared - no rem

Question 43

at puberty, most people shift their_____

Answer 43

circadian rhythm of sleep so they get up later in the day

Question 44

recuperation theories for why we sleep

Answer 44

- sleep is needed to restore homeostasis | - wakefulness causes a deviation from homeostasis

Question 45

adaptation theories of why we sleep

Answer 45

- sleep is result of internal timing mechanism (SCN) | - sleep evolved to protect us from dangers of the night

Question 46

sleep deprivation has negative effects on ___ and ___

Answer 46

your health and psychological well-being

Question 47

fatal familial insomnia

Answer 47

inherited | - midlife people stop sleeping and die 7-24 months after onset of insomnia

Question 48

what does an autopsy show of someone with fatal familial insomnia

Answer 48

degeneration in the cortex and thalamus

Question 49

sleep deprivation in lab animals

Answer 49

- stop grooming, weak, uncoordinated - inability to regulate body T - inc food intake but still lose weight - death : brain appears normal, no inflammation - may be due to oxidative stress

Question 50

3 functions of sleep

Answer 50

conserves energy, restores brain and body, promotes growth

Question 51

how does sleep conserve energy

Answer 51

muscular tension, heart rate, BP, T all reduced

Question 52

how does sleep help restore brain and body

Answer 52

- replenishes metabolic requirements (proteins) - glia flush waste products faster when sleeping than awake (astrocytes, microglia) - sleep helps resist illness

Question 53

how does sleep promote growth

Answer 53

- growth hormone released during REM - brain development during REM - 50% of infant sleep in REM - may facilitate changes in brain during development and other changes

Question 54

SWS improves...

Answer 54

declarative memory - sleep deprivation inc likelihood of creating false memories - facts and events

Question 55

REM sleep improves/consolidates .....

Answer 55

nondeclarative (procedural) memory | - memory gained through experience and practice

Question 56

patterns of neuronal activity seen while a task is being learned during wakefulness are rehearsed during....

Answer 56

subsequent NREM sleep

Question 57

what have some studies used as a cue to reactivate learning in NREM sleep

Answer 57

odor