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Neuroscience I > Exam 3: Sleep Pt 2 > Flashcards

Exam 3: Sleep Pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is sleep

A

NOT a state of unconsciousness

just a DIFFERENT state of consciousness

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2
Q

readily reversible state of reduced responsiveness to and interaction with the environment

A

sleep

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3
Q

3 ways we measure sleep

A
  • electroencephalogram (EEG)
  • electromyogram (EMG)
  • electrooculogram (EOG)
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4
Q

electroencephalogram

A

measures electrical activity in brain

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5
Q

electromyogram

A

measure electrical activity in muscles

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6
Q

electrooculogram

A

measures electrical activity in eyes

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7
Q

what do EEG rhythms categorize brain rhythms based on?

A

frequency (Hz)
how many action potentials are happening
- net average activity of electrical potentials of neurons across cortex
- timing of neural activity
synchrony = peak amplitude

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8
Q

what does each electrode in EEG measure?

A

cerebral cortex electrical activity

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9
Q

synchronized

A

higher peak in amplitude

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10
Q

desynchronized

A

all clapping at own beat - neurons fire action rate - amplitude shorter because it is not as loud

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11
Q

EEGs measure

A

frequency and amplitude

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12
Q

gamma waves

A
  • desynchronized, increased frequency, decreased amplitude (30-100 Hz)
  • attention, movement, higher cognitive function
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13
Q

Beta waves

A
  • desynchronized, increased frequency, decreased amplitude (12-30)
  • normal waking state, concentration, focus, sensory processing
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14
Q

Alpha waves

A

transitional
- medium frequency (7.5-12)
more synchronized - higher amplitude
- relaxation, light meditation - more awake than asleep

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15
Q

Theta waves

A

transitional
- slower frequency (3.5-7.5)
entering sleep
- drowsiness, relaxation, light sleep, deep meditation

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16
Q

Delta waves

A

synchronized, large amplitude, low frequency waves (0.1-4)
- deep, unconscious, dreamless sleep
far less action potentials

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17
Q

What are the stages of sleep

A 
wakefulness
stage 1
stage 2
stage 3
REM sleep
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18
Q

How many cycles of seep do you typically get/night

A

4-5 each cycle being 90-120 min

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19
Q

what are the stages of sleep differentiated by?

A

patterns of electrical activity in cerebral cortex

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20
Q

wakefulness

A

alert period with desynchronized beta wave activity

- high frequency, low amplitude waves

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21
Q

why does wakefulness have beta waves?

A

processing info from many places at once, so many diff signals

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22
Q

Non-REM sleep

A

3 stages

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23
Q

stage 1

A

transition from wakefulness to sleep

- alpha waves and vertex spikes

24
Q

stage 2

A

light sleep p slowing brain activity interrupted by sleep spindles and k-complexes

25
Q

sleep spindles

A
  • bursts of brain activity (12-14 Hz)
  • generated in thalamus
    suppresses info about external stimulus to reduce chance of the sleeper waking up
26
Q

k-complexes

A
  • large waves in response to external stimuli
  • protect sleeper from waking up especially when loud noises around
  • contributes to memory consolidation
27
Q

when do people deny having slept?

A

when awakened during stage 1 or stage 2 sleep

28
Q

stage 3

A

“slow wave sleep (SWS)”
- defined by large-amplitude very slow delta waves
- parasympathetic nervous system predominates
(rest and digest, slower heart rate and BP)

29
Q

REM sleep

A
  • period of desynchronized EEG activity during sleep
  • increased EOG activity
  • loss of core muscle tone - sleep paralysis
  • autonomic arousal
30
Q

period of desynchronized EEG activity in REM sleep

A
  • brain activity patterns like those during wakefulness

beta

31
Q

loss of core muscle tone in REM sleep

A
  • brainstem inhibits motor neurons
32
Q

autonomic arousal in REM sleep

A

sympathetic

- inc heart rate, dilation of blood vessels inc breathing

33
Q

increased EOG activity in REM sleep

A

eyelids flutter during sleep

34
Q

where does blood flow change during dreams

A

it changes in the occipital lobe and the prefrontal cortex

35
Q

increase in ____ and decrease in ____ and ____ during REM sleep

A

increase in visual association (extrastriate cortex)
- reflects visual hallucination
decrease in striate and prefrontal cortex
- not getting visual cues bc eyes closed

36
Q

what occurs when you get low activity of the prefrontal cortex

A

no suppression f your dreams, no decision making or judgement or attention which is why in your dreams you can be fighting dragons and conquering the world

37
Q

vivid dreams can be predicted if there is a lot of ____

A

high frequency EEG activity in posterior cortex regions

38
Q

night mares

A

long frightening dreams that awaken sleeper from REM sleep

- can remember and tell you what it was since rem was when awakened

39
Q

night terrors

A

sudden arousals from NREM sleep marked by fear and autonomic activity
- parasympathetic
do not remember dream bc awaked in NREM sleep

40
Q

when do humans sleep more

A

infancy sleep more than in adulthood

41
Q

infant sleep characterized by

A
  • shorter sleep cycles
  • more REM sleep
    as people age the total time asleep declines and number of awakenings increases
42
Q

stage ___ sleep declines dramatically

A

3

- at age 60, only have as much sleep as at age 20 by 80 it has completely disappeared - no rem

43
Q

at puberty, most people shift their_____

A

circadian rhythm of sleep so they get up later in the day

44
Q

recuperation theories for why we sleep

A
  • sleep is needed to restore homeostasis

- wakefulness causes a deviation from homeostasis

45
Q

adaptation theories of why we sleep

A
  • sleep is result of internal timing mechanism (SCN)

- sleep evolved to protect us from dangers of the night

46
Q

sleep deprivation has negative effects on ___ and ___

A

your health and psychological well-being

47
Q

fatal familial insomnia

A

inherited

- midlife people stop sleeping and die 7-24 months after onset of insomnia

48
Q

what does an autopsy show of someone with fatal familial insomnia

A

degeneration in the cortex and thalamus

49
Q

sleep deprivation in lab animals

A
  • stop grooming, weak, uncoordinated
  • inability to regulate body T
  • inc food intake but still lose weight
  • death : brain appears normal, no inflammation - may be due to oxidative stress
50
Q

3 functions of sleep

A

conserves energy, restores brain and body, promotes growth

51
Q

how does sleep conserve energy

A

muscular tension, heart rate, BP, T all reduced

52
Q

how does sleep help restore brain and body

A
  • replenishes metabolic requirements (proteins)
  • glia flush waste products faster when sleeping than awake (astrocytes, microglia)
  • sleep helps resist illness
53
Q

how does sleep promote growth

A
  • growth hormone released during REM
  • brain development during REM
    • 50% of infant sleep in REM
    • may facilitate changes in brain during development and other changes
54
Q

SWS improves…

A

declarative memory

  • sleep deprivation inc likelihood of creating false memories
  • facts and events
55
Q

REM sleep improves/consolidates …..

A

nondeclarative (procedural) memory

- memory gained through experience and practice

56
Q

patterns of neuronal activity seen while a task is being learned during wakefulness are rehearsed during….

A

subsequent NREM sleep

57
Q

what have some studies used as a cue to reactivate learning in NREM sleep

A

odor

Neuroscience I (32 decks)

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