Exam 4: Learning and Memory Pt. 1

Question 1

span of time information will be retained by the brain ___

Answer 1

varies

Question 2

3 parts of memory process

Answer 2

sensory buffers, short term memory, long term memory

Question 3

sensory information enters brain (encoded) and transferred to short term memory
- short, fleeting impressions

Answer 3

sensory buffer

Question 4

information is actively held in mind/manipulated prior to consolidation into long term storage
30s-1min

Answer 4

short term memory

Question 5

stored information can be retrieved for future use

Answer 5

long term memory

Question 6

memory formation requires what 3 things

Answer 6

encoding, consolidation, retrieval

Question 7

encoding

Answer 7

of raw information from sensory buffers into STM

- brought to active awareness

Question 8

consolidation

Answer 8

STM to LTM transferring it

Question 9

Retrieval

Answer 9

getting stored info from LTM

- info enters STM where it can be manipulated before reconsolidation

Question 10

at which step in the memory process can you lose information

Answer 10

any step

Question 11

sensory buffers are very brief memory that allows people to retain ____ of sensory info after the ______

Answer 11

impression

original stimulus has subsided

Question 12

iconic
haptic
echoic

Answer 12

iconic - visual
haptic- touch
echoic-auditory

Question 13

information not attended to is ___

Answer 13

lost

Question 14

how much information can STM hold

Answer 14

7 plus or minus 2 items

for a few seconds to a minute

Question 15

phonological loop in STM

Answer 15

inner voice

- repeat series of words/numbers

Question 16

visuo-spatial sketchpad in STM

Answer 16

inner eye

- visual imagery, sequence of shapes

Question 17

episodic buffer in STM

Answer 17

integrates sensory info into movie clips

- replay scenario in brain

Question 18

frontoparietal network - STM

Answer 18

• posterior parietal cortex

- executive control: attention and integration of info

Question 19

anterior cingulate cortex - STM

Answer 19

• attention controller
• evaluates need for adjustment based on task demands
• conflict detector
• hw much energy do you need to learn a particular thing

Question 20

LTM lasts for _____ and has ____ capacity

Answer 20

minutes to years

very large

Question 21

declarative memory

Answer 21

facts - semantic

events- episodic

Question 22

what part of the brain is imperative for declarative memory

Answer 22

medial temporal lobe
- info flows through temporal lobe
needs to be in sensory buffer before STM before LTM

Question 23

medial temporal lobe neuroanatomy

Answer 23

hippocampal formation (HCF)

• hippocampus
• parahippocampal gyrus
• perirhinal cortex
• entorhinal cortex

Question 24

hippocampus

Answer 24

transfers STM to LTM - consolidation

- actual traces of memories NOT stored here

Question 25

parahipocampal gyrus

Answer 25

major input and output of HCF | - context

Question 26

perirhinal cortex

Answer 26

familiarity | - have I seen this before

Question 27

entorhinal cortex

Answer 27

spatial location - have i been here before - where did i put my keys

Question 28

object recognition and spatial memory are relayed to the hippocampus through ___ and _____

Answer 28

entorhinal cortex and perirhinal cortex

Question 29

mental representation of a spatial relationship

Answer 29

cognitive map

Question 30

place cells

Answer 30

selectively fire when organism is in a particular location | - a neuron will respond to a certain part of the maze for mouse

Question 31

london taxi-cab drivers hippocampus activated when describing a route what is this hippocampus size correlated with

Answer 31

amount of months on the job - bigger in a veteran than a newbie

Question 32

2 types of cells in entorhinal cortexx

Answer 32

border cells and grid cells

Question 33

border cells

Answer 33

neurons that selectively fire when reaching perimeter

Question 34

grid cells

Answer 34

neurons that specifically fire when passing intersections

Question 35

thalamus and mamillary bodies are important for ____

Answer 35

memory formation

Question 36

``` thiamine deficiency (B1) destroys mamillary bodies and produces profound anterograde amnesia - confabulation ```

Answer 36

Korsakoff's syndrome

Question 37

confabulation

Answer 37

filling gaps in memory with false info

Question 38

engram

Answer 38

memory trace | - location of memory in the brain (pattern of neural activity)

Question 39

consolidation of memory involves ___ and ___

Answer 39

hippocampus and medial temporal lobe

Question 40

LTM storage occurs in ____

Answer 40

cerebral cortex

Question 41

after consolidation what does memory retrieval no longer require?

Answer 41

medial temporal lobe activity

Question 42

temporal lobe is for _____ not ____

Answer 42

memory consolidation not memory storage

Question 43

clive wearing

Answer 43

had bilateral hippocampal damage due to herpes viral infection in brain - cannot create new memories due to consolidation defecit (anterograde amnesia) - nondeclarative memory intact

Question 44

nondeclarative memory

Answer 44

skills and learning without conscious awareness

Question 45

nondeclarative: skill learning and memory

Answer 45

memories for performing skills/habits | - acquired through practice, repetition over time

Question 46

priming

Answer 46

past experience influences subsequent responses to same stimuli

Question 47

nondeclarative: associative learning

Answer 47

relationships between stimuli

Question 48

classical conditioning

Answer 48

- initially neutral stimulus comes to predict reward ex: hearing bell he gives dwight an altoid - eventually when the bell goes off and he doesnt offer him an altoid dwight puts his hand out as if he should be getting one - he was conditioned to the stimulus

Question 49

operant conditioning

Answer 49

- consequences of behavior due to learned associations - if behavior gets reward you are more likely to do it again - if you study for a test and get an F less likely to study again

Question 50

what brain region associated with procedural learning and memory

Answer 50

striatum automates sequences of behaviors

Question 51

where does priming occur in brain?

Answer 51

depends on network in cerebral cortex - perceptual (visual) priming reduces activity in occipitotemporal cortex - conceptual primary (word meaning) depends on frontal cortex

Question 52

where is associative learning in brain?

Answer 52

classical and operant conditioning in | - amygdala and cerebellum