L9: Lower Limb Skeleton

Question 1

what is the primary function of the lower limb? (hint:2)

Answer 1

• weight-bearing

- locomotion

Question 2

function of pelvic girdle?

Answer 2

• connection to axial skeleton
• weight transfer
• part of pelvis

Question 3

function of hip joint?

Answer 3

• mobility

- stability

Question 4

function of femur?

Answer 4

• lever
• force transfer
• muscle attachment

Question 5

function of knee joint?

Answer 5

• shortens/lengthens lower limb

Question 6

function of patella

Answer 6

• increases mechanical advantage of the knee extensors

Question 7

function of tibia

Answer 7

• lever
• force transfer
• muscle attachment

Question 8

function of fibula

Answer 8

muscle attachment

Question 9

function of ankle/foot

Answer 9

• weight-bearing
• balance
• advancing body forward

Question 10

what does the pelvis comprise of?

Answer 10

• two hip bones
• sacrum
• coccyx

Question 11

the abdominal and pelvic cavities are continuous at the ??

Answer 11

• pelvic inlet

Question 12

what is the greater (false) pelvis? what does it form?

Answer 12

• area superior to pelvic inlet

- forms inferior part of abdominal cavity

Question 13

what is the lesser (true) pelvis?

Answer 13

• area inferior to the pelvic inlet

- houses the pelvic organs

Question 14

male vs female pubic angles?

Answer 14

men: 90degrees
women: 100 degrees

Question 15

male vs female pelvic surfaces?

Answer 15

men: robust/heavy
female: light/smooth

Question 16

male vs female pelvic shape?

Answer 16

men: pelvic inlet heart-shaped
female: round

Question 17

male vs female pelvic inlet width?

Answer 17

male: narrow
female: wide

Question 18

male vs female ilia spread

Answer 18

male: ilia less splayed
female: laterally spread

Question 19

male vs female ilia extension

Answer 19

male: ilia extends up to sacrum
female: little extension

Question 20

iliac tuberosity - sacral tuberosity =

Answer 20

sacroiliac interosseous ligament = fibrous syndesmosis

Question 21

what is the joint stucture and function of the auricular surfaces of the sacroiliac joints?

Answer 21

synovial plane joint

Question 22

structure and function of sacroiliac joints?

Answer 22

• synovial gliding

- fibrous syndesmosis

Question 23

pubic symphysis =

Answer 23

• fibrocartilage symphysis

Question 24

what do sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments prevent?

Answer 24

• sacrum from tilting anteriorly

Question 25

what is the glenohumeral joint?

Answer 25

• articulation between the glenoid fossa of the scapula and the head of humerus

Question 26

what is the hip (coxal) joint?

Answer 26

• articulation between the acetabulum and the head of the femur

Question 27

what is the structure and function of the hip joint?

Answer 27

synovial ball and socket, multiaxial diarthrosis

Question 28

what is the structure and function of the glenohumeral joint?

Answer 28

synovial ball and socket, multiaxial diarthrosis

Question 29

what is the structure and function of the superior tibiofibular joint?

Answer 29

synovial gliding/plane joint, uniaxial diarthrosis

Question 30

structure and function of inferior tibiofibular joint?

Answer 30

• fibrous syndesmosis, amphiarthrosis

Question 31

structure and function of tibiofemoral joint (knee joint)

Answer 31

• synovial “modified hinge”, uniaxial diarthrosis

Question 32

in the tibiofemoral joint, medial femoral condyle is larger than the lateral condyle which results in?

Answer 32

• some rotation about the long axis of the bone during flexion-extension of knee which results in twisting and stretching of ligaments to lock knee in extension

Question 33

in the tibiofemoral joint, what are fibrocartilaginous menisci?

Answer 33

• act as “space-fillers” to improve joint congruency
• reduce joint stress
• often torn in knee injuries

Question 34

in knee injuries, what is often torn?

Answer 34

the menisci of the tibiofemoral joint

Question 35

what is the structure and function of the patella and patellofermoal joint?

Answer 35

synovial gliding/plane joint: uniaxial diarthrosis

Question 36

functional role of patella?

Answer 36

• increase momentum of quadriceps group

- strengthen knee extension

Question 37

structure and function of proximal tibiofibular joint?

Answer 37

synovial gliding joint: uni-axial diarthrosis

Question 38

structure and function of distal tibiofibular joint?

Answer 38

fibrous syndesmosis: amphiarthrosis

Question 39

how many foot bones?

Answer 39

• 7 tarsals
• 5 metatarsals
• 14 phalanges

Question 40

what is the talocrural (ankle) joint?

Answer 40

• articulation between tibia, fibula, and the talus

Question 41

what kind of joint is the talocrural joint

Answer 41

• synovial hinge joint: dorsiflexion - plantarflexion

Question 42

what kind of ligaments do hinge joints have

Answer 42

-collateral

Question 43

purpose of strong deltoid ligament on medial side of ankle?

Answer 43

• provides stability

- restricts eversion of foot

Question 44

why is the subtalar joint complex?

Answer 44

• two synovial joints
• allows gliding and rotation
• permits inversion and eversion of rearfoot

Question 45

joints of the mid-food and forefoot allow?

Answer 45

-accommodation of the foot to various ground surfaces

Question 46

structure, movement and function of intertarsal joints?

Answer 46

• synovial plane joints; diarthrosis

- inversion - eversion

Question 47

structure, movement and function of tarsometatarsal joints

Answer 47

• synovial plane joints; diarthrosis

- inversion - eversion

Question 48

structure, movement and function of metatarsophalangeal joints

Answer 48

• synovial, ellipsoid/condylar joints
• flexion - exention
• abduction - adduction

Question 49

structure, movement and function of interphalangeal joints

Answer 49

• synovial hinge joints; diarthrosis

- flexion - extension