L24: ANS & Endocrine System Flashcards
difference between control of somatic and autonomic?
somatic: voluntary
autonomic: involuntary
for somatic and autonomic, how many neurons from spinal cord or brain stem?
somatic: 1 neuron from spinal cord
autonomic: 2 neurons from brain stem/ spinal cord
in somatic and autonomic, where are the cell bodies?
somatic: cell body in VENTRAL grey horn
autonomic: 1st cell body in LATERAL grey horn
both: OR motor cranial nerve nuclei in the brainstem
where is the 2nd cell body of autonomic?
in peripheral ganglia
effector organs in somatic/ autonomic?
somatic: skeletal muscle
autonomic: smooth&cardiac muscle; secretory glands
effect of somatic/autonomic?
somatic: excitation
autonomic: excitation or inhibition
in the autonomic nervous system, what is sympathetic?
- preparation for emergency
- FIGHT OR FLIGHT
in the autonomic nervous system, what is parasympathetic?
- conserving/ restoring energy
- REST AND DIGEST
what is ganglion(a)
- collection of cell bodies outside CNS
where does the preganglionic cell body in CNS originate?
- lateral horn or brainstem
is the preganglionic axon myelinated or unmyelinated?
myelinated
where is the postganglionic cell body?
in autonomic ganglia
- effector organ
is the postganglionic axon myelinated or unmyelinated?
unmyelinated
Comparison of heart in sympathetic/ parasympathetic?
Sympathetic: increase heart rate, force contraction, blood pressure
parasympathetic: OPPOSITE
comparison of eye in sympathetic/ parasympathetic ?
sympathetic: dilate pupil
parasympathetic: constrict pupil
comparison of airways in sympathetic/parasympathetic?
sympathetic: increase airway diameter
parasympathetic: decrease airway diameter (OPPOSITE)
comparison of blood vessels in sympathetic/ parasympathetic?
sympathetic: decrease GIT blood flow, increase skeletal muscle blood flow
parasympathetic: NOT INNERVATED
comparison of GIT glands in sympathetic/ parasympathetic?
sympathetic: inhibition (decrease insulin production: pancreas)
parasympathetic: stimulation (increase insulin production: pancreas)
exception in sympathetic system?
preganglionic fibres to adrenal medulla
what is the endocrine system?
- hormone activity to coordinate cellular activities in distant tissues
what is a hormone (how is it transported?)
- chemical messengers released in one tissue and transported by bloodstream to alter activities of specific cell in other tissues
endocrine system and ANS work together for??
homeostasis
what is the hypophysis?
pituitary gland
how many hormones is the pituitary gland associated with?
approx. 9 hormones
in the pituitary gland, what does the glandular produce?
hormones
in the pituitary gland, what does the neural store?
hormones (extension of hypothalamus)
what is pars nervosa?
posterior pituitary
how many hormones is the pars nervosa associated with?
approx. 2 - it is technically part of the brain/hypothalamus
what produces antidiuretic hormone ADH?
neurons from the supraoptic nucleus
what does ADH stimulate?
- kidneys to reclaim more water from urine
- raises blood pressure
- involved in establishment of social bonds
which neurons produce oxytocin?
- neurons from the paraventricular nucleus
role of oxytocin?
- prompts smooth muscle contraction in reproductive tracts
- initiates labor and milk from breast
- involved in establishment of social bonds
what is pars distalis?
anterior pituitary
how many hormones is pars distalis associated with?
approx. 7
what does the growth hormone GH, stimulate?
- mitosis of cells (esp. musculoskeletal cells)
- liver to produce another hormone that stimulates growth of cartilage in epiphyseal plate
what does thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) regulate?
- regulates the release of thyroid hormone TH from thyroid gland
each adrenal gland is?
2 endocrine glands on one
what is more like a cluster or neurons and secretes adrenalin and noradrenalin?
adrenal medulla
how many layers of the adrenal cortex
3
what does the adrenal cortex secrete
- steroid hormones (lipid based)
- corticosteroids
- sex hormones
in the pancreas, what are exocrine (acinar) cells?
- form most of the gland
- secretion of pancreatic juices (digestive enzymes) into the duodenum for digestion
in the pancreas, what are the endocrine (islets of langerhans)?
- alpha cells secrete glucagon
- breakdown glycogen into glucose (increases blood sugar levels)
in the pancreas, what cells secrete insulin?
beta cells
in the pancreas, what lowers excessive blood sugar?
- cells take up glucose and storage of glucose as glycogen in the liver
