L24: ANS & Endocrine System

Question 1

difference between control of somatic and autonomic?

Answer 1

somatic: voluntary
autonomic: involuntary

Question 2

for somatic and autonomic, how many neurons from spinal cord or brain stem?

Answer 2

somatic: 1 neuron from spinal cord
autonomic: 2 neurons from brain stem/ spinal cord

Question 3

in somatic and autonomic, where are the cell bodies?

Answer 3

somatic: cell body in VENTRAL grey horn
autonomic: 1st cell body in LATERAL grey horn
both: OR motor cranial nerve nuclei in the brainstem

Question 4

where is the 2nd cell body of autonomic?

Answer 4

in peripheral ganglia

Question 5

effector organs in somatic/ autonomic?

Answer 5

somatic: skeletal muscle
autonomic: smooth&cardiac muscle; secretory glands

Question 6

effect of somatic/autonomic?

Answer 6

somatic: excitation
autonomic: excitation or inhibition

Question 7

in the autonomic nervous system, what is sympathetic?

Answer 7

• preparation for emergency

- FIGHT OR FLIGHT

Question 8

in the autonomic nervous system, what is parasympathetic?

Answer 8

• conserving/ restoring energy

- REST AND DIGEST

Question 9

what is ganglion(a)

Answer 9

• collection of cell bodies outside CNS

Question 10

where does the preganglionic cell body in CNS originate?

Answer 10

• lateral horn or brainstem

Question 11

is the preganglionic axon myelinated or unmyelinated?

Answer 11

myelinated

Question 12

where is the postganglionic cell body?

Answer 12

in autonomic ganglia

- effector organ

Question 13

is the postganglionic axon myelinated or unmyelinated?

Answer 13

unmyelinated

Question 14

Comparison of heart in sympathetic/ parasympathetic?

Answer 14

Sympathetic: increase heart rate, force contraction, blood pressure

parasympathetic: OPPOSITE

Question 15

comparison of eye in sympathetic/ parasympathetic ?

Answer 15

sympathetic: dilate pupil
parasympathetic: constrict pupil

Question 16

comparison of airways in sympathetic/parasympathetic?

Answer 16

sympathetic: increase airway diameter
parasympathetic: decrease airway diameter (OPPOSITE)

Question 17

comparison of blood vessels in sympathetic/ parasympathetic?

Answer 17

sympathetic: decrease GIT blood flow, increase skeletal muscle blood flow
parasympathetic: NOT INNERVATED

Question 18

comparison of GIT glands in sympathetic/ parasympathetic?

Answer 18

sympathetic: inhibition (decrease insulin production: pancreas)
parasympathetic: stimulation (increase insulin production: pancreas)

Question 19

exception in sympathetic system?

Answer 19

preganglionic fibres to adrenal medulla

Question 20

what is the endocrine system?

Answer 20

• hormone activity to coordinate cellular activities in distant tissues

Question 21

what is a hormone (how is it transported?)

Answer 21

• chemical messengers released in one tissue and transported by bloodstream to alter activities of specific cell in other tissues

Question 22

endocrine system and ANS work together for??

Answer 22

homeostasis

Question 23

what is the hypophysis?

Answer 23

pituitary gland

Question 24

how many hormones is the pituitary gland associated with?

Answer 24

approx. 9 hormones

Question 25

in the pituitary gland, what does the glandular produce?

Answer 25

hormones

Question 26

in the pituitary gland, what does the neural store?

Answer 26

hormones (extension of hypothalamus)

Question 27

what is pars nervosa?

Answer 27

posterior pituitary

Question 28

how many hormones is the pars nervosa associated with?

Answer 28

approx. 2 - it is technically part of the brain/hypothalamus

Question 29

what produces antidiuretic hormone ADH?

Answer 29

neurons from the supraoptic nucleus

Question 30

what does ADH stimulate?

Answer 30

• kidneys to reclaim more water from urine
• raises blood pressure
• involved in establishment of social bonds

Question 31

which neurons produce oxytocin?

Answer 31

• neurons from the paraventricular nucleus

Question 32

role of oxytocin?

Answer 32

• prompts smooth muscle contraction in reproductive tracts
• initiates labor and milk from breast
• involved in establishment of social bonds

Question 33

what is pars distalis?

Answer 33

anterior pituitary

Question 34

how many hormones is pars distalis associated with?

Answer 34

approx. 7

Question 35

what does the growth hormone GH, stimulate?

Answer 35

• mitosis of cells (esp. musculoskeletal cells)

- liver to produce another hormone that stimulates growth of cartilage in epiphyseal plate

Question 36

what does thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) regulate?

Answer 36

• regulates the release of thyroid hormone TH from thyroid gland

Question 37

each adrenal gland is?

Answer 37

2 endocrine glands on one

Question 38

what is more like a cluster or neurons and secretes adrenalin and noradrenalin?

Answer 38

adrenal medulla

Question 39

how many layers of the adrenal cortex

Answer 39

3

Question 40

what does the adrenal cortex secrete

Answer 40

• steroid hormones (lipid based)
• corticosteroids
• sex hormones

Question 41

in the pancreas, what are exocrine (acinar) cells?

Answer 41

• form most of the gland

- secretion of pancreatic juices (digestive enzymes) into the duodenum for digestion

Question 42

in the pancreas, what are the endocrine (islets of langerhans)?

Answer 42

• alpha cells secrete glucagon

- breakdown glycogen into glucose (increases blood sugar levels)

Question 43

in the pancreas, what cells secrete insulin?

Answer 43

beta cells

Question 44

in the pancreas, what lowers excessive blood sugar?

Answer 44

• cells take up glucose and storage of glucose as glycogen in the liver