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ANAT > L26: The Heart > Flashcards

L26: The Heart Flashcards

1
Q

what do blood vessels consist of ?

A
  • arteries
  • capillaries
  • veins
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2
Q

role of arteries

A

carry blood AWAY from heart (mostly oxygenated blood)

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3
Q

role of capillaries

A
  • supply body cells with nutrients and oxygen

- take waste products away

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4
Q

role of veins

A

RETURN blood to heart (mostly deoxygenated blood)

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5
Q

what is the heart

A

muscular organ that pumps blood through blood vessels

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6
Q

what is blood

A
  • fluid connective tissue that is transported in the cardiovascular system
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7
Q

what separates the left and right side of the heart?

A

a muscle wall called the septum

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8
Q

what does the right heart deal with?

A
  • oxygen poor blood

- is a low pressure system (pulmonary circulation)

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9
Q

what does the left heart deal with?

A
  • oxygen rich blood

- high pressure system (systemic circulation)

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10
Q

where is the heart located?

A
  • left of the body midline; posterior to the sternum in the mediastinum
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11
Q

where is the right atrium and ventricle located?

A

more anteriorly

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12
Q

where is the left atrium and ventricle located

A

more posteriorly

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13
Q

what is the mediastinum?

A
  • space between sternum (ventral), vertebral column (dorsal), lungs (right&left lateral), and diaphragm (caudal)
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14
Q

what is the fibrous (tough) pericardium? what is it attached to?

A
  • sac of fibrous connective tissue that envelopes the heart

- attached to great vessels and diaphragm

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15
Q

what does the serous (delicate) pericardium consist of?

A
  • parietal pericardium

- visceral pericardium

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16
Q

where is the parietal pericardium located

A
  • parietal layer lines inside of fibrous pericardium
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17
Q

where is visceral pericardium located

A
  • visceral layer directly covers outer surface of heart
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18
Q

where is the pericardial cavity

A
  • between 2 serous layers and contains fluid film
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19
Q

which muscles are smaller, cardiac or skeletal?

A

cardiac muscle tissue

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20
Q

what does cardiac muscle tissue contain?

A
  • myofibrils

- sarcomeres (striated)

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21
Q

where do cardiac muscle tissue interconnect

A

at intercalated discs

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22
Q

how do cardiac muscles contract

A
  • spontaneously

- without neural input

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23
Q

what innervates cardiac muscle tissue

A

autonomic nervous system

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24
Q

role of pulmonary circuit

A
  • pumps blood from right heart through pulmonary vessels, to lungs, and back to left side of heart
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25
Q

role of systemic circuit

A
  • pumps blood from left heart, through systemic vessels in peripheral tissues, and back to right heart
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26
Q

what separates atria

A
  • interatrial septa
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27
Q

what separates ventricles

A

interventricular septa

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28
Q

what do you find within septa?

A

the fibrous skeleton of the heart (dense irregular connective tissue)

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29
Q

how does the fibrous skeleton anchor heart valves?

A

forming supportive rings

30
Q

what ensures that muscle impulses are times properly?

A

electrical insulation between atria and ventricles

31
Q

what provides a rigid framework for the attachment of cardiac muscle tissue

A

fibrous skeleton of the heart

32
Q

what prevents valves from being pushed back to the atria?

A

papillary muscles and chordae tendineae

33
Q

papillary muscles are relaxed and chordae tendineae slack when??

A

bicuspid and tricuspid valves are open

34
Q

papillary muscles are contracted and chordae tendineae taut when?

A

bicuspid and tricuspid valves are closed

35
Q

what kind of blood does the right atrium receive and from where?

A
  • deoxygenated blood from systemic circulation via 3 blood vessels (coronary sinus, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava)
36
Q

which valve does the right atrium convey blood into the right ventricle?

A

tricuspid valve (3 cusps)

37
Q

which nodes does the right atrium contain?

A

SA and AV nodes

38
Q

what kind of blood does the left atrium receive and from where?

A
  • oxygenated blood from pulmonary circulation via four pulmonary veins
39
Q

how is the left atrium separated from the left ventricle?

A

by bicuspid valve (2 cusps)

40
Q

what are the relevant internal features of the left atrium?

A
  • valve of foramen ovale

- auricle contains musculi pectinati

41
Q

role of the hearts 3 major sulci?

A

separate the four chambers, and major coronary blood vessels occupy these sulci

42
Q

what occupies heart grooves (sulci)

A
  • coronary blood vessels

- filled with fat (adipose tissue)

43
Q

what shape is the coronary (atrioventricular groove)?

A

crown shaped

44
Q

what shape is the interventricular groove?

A

loop shaped

45
Q

what do atrioventricular and interventricular grooves contain

A

adipose tissue and coronary blood vessels

46
Q

what surrounds and cushions coronary vessels?

A

“fat depot” in epicardium

47
Q

what is viewed as a cardiac risk marker

A

increased epicardial adipose tissue

48
Q

where do coronary arteries originate

A
  • base of aorta (superior to aortic valve)
49
Q

difference between roles of coronary arteries/veins

A

coronary arteries: supply oxygen and nutrient to heart muscle

coronary veins: drain the blood

50
Q

what is the coronary sinus, role?

A
  • biggest cardiac vein

- collects blood from all cardiac veins, drains blood into right atrium

51
Q

where are the coronary sinus, great and small cardiac veins located?

A

in the coronary (atrioventricular) groove

52
Q

middle cardiac vein located?

A

posterior interventricular groove

53
Q

comparison of roles of great/small/middle cardiac veins?

A

great: drains left heart
small: drains right heart
middle: drains interventricular septum

54
Q

role of sinoatrial node?

A
  • initiation of heartbeat

- pacemaker (controls pace for cardiac activity)

55
Q

where does the SA node signal travel to

A

the AV node

56
Q

role of AV node

A
  • slows down activation/contraction of ventricles
57
Q

from AV node, the signal travels along the?

58
Q

from the AV bundle, the signal travels to?

A

the ventricles via the purkinje fibers

59
Q

define systole?

A

contraction

- a chamber ejects blood

60
Q

define diastole

A

dilation/relaxation

- chamber fills with blood

61
Q

characteristics of relaxation period

A
  • all 4 chambers in diastole
  • low pressure in ventricles
  • blood flows from atria to ventricles
  • ventricles fill passively to 75%
62
Q

characteristics of relaxation period

A
  • all 4 chambers in diastole
  • low pressure in ventricles
  • Dupp: 2nd heart sound
  • blood flows from atria to ventricles
  • ventricles fill passively to 75%
63
Q

what occurs during atrial systole

A

atria contract and push last 25% of blood volume into ventricles

64
Q

what occurs during ventricular systole

A
  • ventricular contraction forces AV valves shut
  • Lubb: 1st heart sound
  • pressure builds and forces semilunar valves open
  • blood ejected
65
Q

what percentage of australians aged 65+ is affected by irregular and rapid heart beat

66
Q

what causes atrial fibrillation

A

‘extra’ electrical impulses disrupting SA node activity

67
Q

what does atrial fibrillation result in

A

chaotic atrial contractions at faster rates than ventricles

68
Q

impact of sympathetic/parasympathetic innervation on the heart?

A

sympathetic: speeds up
parasympathetic: slows down heart activity

69
Q

what is the first organ to fully develop in the embryo

70
Q

when and why does foramen ovale close

A
  • closes at birth
  • due to reversal of pressure difference between atria with dilation of pulmonary vasculature
  • traces remain as fossa ovalis

ANAT (31 decks)

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