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ANAT > L31: Digestive System #1 > Flashcards

L31: Digestive System #1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the organs of the gastrointestinal tract?

A
  • oral cavity
  • pharynx
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • small intestine
  • large intestine
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2
Q

in the Git tract wall, what pushes materials from one end to the other?

A

smooth muscle

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3
Q

what do the organs of the GI tract form?

A

a continuous 9-10m tube from the mouth to the anus

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4
Q

what are the accessory digestive organs?

A
  • liver
  • gallbladder
  • pancreas
  • sublingual salivary glands
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5
Q

what is ingestion

A

acquisition of nutrients

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6
Q

digestion?

A

Mechanical and chemical breakdown of

ingested food

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7
Q

propulsion?

A

Movement of food through GI tract

peristalsis and segmentation

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8
Q

secretion?

A

Release of mucins, water, acid, and enzymes

into the lumen of the digestive system

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9
Q

absorption?

A

Transport of nutrients from the digestive

system to the circulatory system

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10
Q

defecation?

A

elimination of feces

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11
Q

Peristalsis?

A

Wave muscular contraction that occurs
throughout the GI tract (similar to pushing
toothpaste through the toothpaste tube)

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12
Q

Segmentation?

A

Back-and-forth churning that occurs mainly in

the small intestine

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13
Q

Tonsils?

A
  • patches of lymphatic tissue found at the entrance of the pharynx
  • protection against ingested and inhaled pathogens
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14
Q

Enamel?

A

white outer surface of tooth (only in crown), calcified surface that is stronger than bone

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15
Q

Dentin?

A

surface directly beneath enamel that is less calcified, similar to bone

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16
Q

Pulp?

A

inner most part of the tooth, houses the nerve and blood supply to the tooth

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17
Q

CROWN?

A

(externally visible covered by enamel)

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18
Q

NECK?

A

(covered by gingiva, lacks enamel, not located in

alveolar bone

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19
Q

ROOT?

A

housed in alveolar bone, different teeth have different numbers of roots

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20
Q

what is the tongue?

A

Skeletal muscle and
covered by stratified
squamous epithelium

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21
Q

function of the tongue?

A
  • Assistance in chewing
    • Sensory analysis by touch, temperature, and taste receptors
    • Secretion of mucins and the
    enzyme lingual lipase that aids in breaking down the triglycerides
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22
Q

function of salivary glands?

A
  • Lubricate the oral cavity & moisten food
  • Dissolve chemicals that simulate the taste buds
  • Anti-microbial substances
  • Parasympathetic innervation simulates salivary gland secretion
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23
Q

parotid?

A

• Anteriorly to the ear
• 25-30% of the saliva passes into the oral cavity
via the parotid duct
• Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

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24
Q

sublingual?

A

Inferiorly to tongue and internal to oral mucosa
• 3-5% of saliva passes to the inferior surface of
the oral cavity via the sublingual ducts
• Facial nerve (CN VII

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25
Q

Submandibular?

A 
Inferior to the mandible
• 60-70% of the saliva passes to the floor of the
mouth (lingual frenulum) via the
submandibular duct
• Facial nerve (CN VII)
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26
Q

action of temporalis?

A

TMJ elevation; Jaw closing; retraction of

the mandible; side to side movements

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27
Q

action of masseter?

A

TMJ elevation; Jaw closing; retraction and
protraction of the mandible; side to side
movements

28
Q

action of medial pterygoid?

A

TMJ elevation; Jaw closing; side to side

movements

29
Q

action of digastric?

A

Jaw opening; TMJ depression; larynx

elevation

30
Q

action of mylohyoid?

A

Jaw opening; TMJ depression; floor of

mouth elevation; hyoid elevation

31
Q

action of geniohyoid?

A

Jaw opening; TMJ depression; larynx

elevation; hyoid retraction

32
Q

what are the oropharynx and laryngopharynx lined with?

A

nonkeratinized stratified squamous

epithelium

33
Q

blood supply of pharynx?

A

branches of the external carotid a.

34
Q

what drains the pharynx?

A

internal jugular veins

35
Q

esophagus?

A 
• hollow muscular tube
connecting the pharynx to the
stomach
• 25cm long
•Located within the
mediastinum
36
Q

what kind of muscle is the esophagus?

A

skeletal and smooth

37
Q

role of the wall of the esophagus?

A

wall secretes a lubricant

38
Q

functions of stomach

A
  • Storage of digestive food
  • Mechanical breakdown of
    ingested food
  • Chemical digestion via acids and enzymes
    (preliminary protein
    digestion)
39
Q

ingested food is then called?

A

chyme (viscous, acidic, soupy mixture)

40
Q

lesser omemtum is attached to?

role?

A
  • lesser curvature

- stabilises position of stomach

41
Q

greater omentum is attached to?

role?

A
  • greater curvature

- its adipose tissue protects the abdomen

42
Q

role of lesser and greater omenta?

A

house (or convey) the blood vessels and nerves of the stomach

43
Q

what makes up the small intestine?

A

duodenum + jejunum + ileum

44
Q

role of small intestine

A

Important digestive and absorptive functions (carbohydrates, proteins, and fat) – Secretions and buffers provided by pancreas, and gall bladder (liver)

45
Q

where does the small intestine begin and end?

A

Begins at pyloric sphincter (stomach/small intestine transition) and ends at Ileocecal valve (small
intestine /large intestine transition )

46
Q

where does the duodenum originate?

A

pyloric sphincter

47
Q

is the duodenum retroperitoneal?

A

it is Retroperitoneal apart from the most

proximal part which is intraperitoneal

48
Q

how does the duodenum connect to the liver?

A

by the lesser omentum

49
Q

what is the duodenum covered in and why?

A

It is covered by a lining of mucous
membrane which protects the
epithelium from the acid chyme that
comes from the stomach

50
Q

what is the duodenum?

A

mixing bowl – chyme with bile &

pancreatic secretions

51
Q

how do bile and pancreatic juice enter the duodenum?

A

via the duodenal papilla

52
Q

Jejunum?

A 
• Important digestive and absorptive
functions (carbohydrates, proteins, and
fat)
• Intraperitoneal suspended by the
mesentery proper
53
Q

Ileum?

A 
• Absorption of vitamin B12; salts and all
products of digestion that were not
absorbed by the jejunum
• Intraperitoneal suspended by the
mesentery proper
54
Q

where does the ileum end? role?

A

a sphincter, the ileocecal valve, which controls the flow of materials
from the ileum into the cecum of the large intestine

55
Q

what are circular folds (plicae circulares)

A
  • To increase surface for absorption & to slow the passage of food, all parts of the small
    intestine contain plicae (circulares): circular folds of the intestinal lining
    -Plicae are duplications of the mucous membrane
  • They appear in duodenum and jejunum prominently and become less common in aboral
    ileum
56
Q

what are intestinal villi? role?

A
  • finger-like projections (1mm) long
  • located on mucosal surface of all parts of small intestine
  • increase surface area of intestinal wall and contain intestinal cells
57
Q

what are microvilli? role?

A
  • finger-like projections of plasma membrane on apical surface of columnar epithelial cells
  • increase surface area for absorption and chemical digestion
58
Q

how much do plicae, villi and microvilli increase intestinal surface area?

A

plicae: 3 fold
villi: 30 fold
microvilli: 600 fold

59
Q

what are the four columns of the large intestine

A
  • ascending
  • transverse
  • descending
  • sigmoid
60
Q

what controls movement in the large intestine

A

local reflexes in the autonomic nervous system

61
Q

what does gastroileal reflex result in?

A

accumulation of more chyme in the cecum and ascending colon

62
Q

what propels fecal material towards the rectum

A

gastrocolic reflex controls mass movements

63
Q

does the large intestine have villi?

A

no

64
Q

in the large intestine, what absorbs nutrients not absorbed in the small intestine

A

simple columnar epithelial cells

65
Q

role of goblet cells in large intestine

A

secrete mucin to lubricate undigested material

66
Q

difference between muscle of internal anal sphincter and external?

A

internal: ring of smooth muscle
External: ring of skeletal muscle

ANAT (31 decks)

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