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ANAT > L30: Respiratory System > Flashcards

L30: Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

what is pulmonary ventilation

A

breathing

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2
Q

function of respiratory system (hint: 6)

A
  • breathing
  • gas exchange
  • acid balance
  • filters/protects respiratory surfaces from pathogens/dehydration
  • vocalization
  • olfaction
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3
Q

what is the nasal septum

A

central wall of bone and cartilage that divides the nasal cavity

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4
Q

what are nasal conchae

A

bony plates found on lateral walls of nasal cavity that increase surface area of mucous membrane

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5
Q

what is the pharynx wall lined with

A

mucosa

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6
Q

what kind of muscle does the pharynx contain and why

A
  • skeletal muscle

- permits swallowing

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7
Q

what kind of epithelium in the nasopharynx

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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8
Q

what kind of epithelium in the oropharynx, laryngopharynx

A

nonkeratinized stratified epithelium

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9
Q

what is the cartilaginous structure that connects the pharynx to the trachea

A

larynx

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10
Q

in the larynx what are the vestibular folds

A

false vocal cords

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11
Q

in the larynx, what are the vocal folds

A

true vocal cords

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12
Q

in the larynx where are the vestibular ligaments

A

superior

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13
Q

in the larynx where are the vocal ligaments

A

inferior

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14
Q

do cuneiform cartilages attach to any other cartilage?

A
  • NO

- they are supported within the aryepiglottic fold (mucosa-covered connective tissue sheet)

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15
Q

what is the mucosa-covered connective tissue sheet

A

aryepiglottic fold

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16
Q

what is the flexible, slightly rigid tube in mediastinum?

A

trachea

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17
Q

which vertebrae is the trachea associated with?

A
  • runs from C6 to T4/T5 where it bifurcates into primary bronchi
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18
Q

function of trachea

A
  • filter
  • warm
  • humidify air
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19
Q

how many hyaline cartilages does the trachea contain

A

15-20 U-shaped hyaline cartilages

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20
Q

what muscle is in the trachea

A

trachealis

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21
Q

in the trachea, what connects cartilage rings

A

anular ligaments

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22
Q

what kind of epithelium in the trachea?

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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23
Q

in the bronchioles, what is hyaline cartilage replaced by?

A

smooth muscle (keep them open)

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24
Q

what kind of epithelium lines the bronchioles, why?

A
  • columnar cuboidal epithelium

- facilitates gas difussion

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25
Q

what do terminal bronchioles branch into?

A

respiratory bronchioles

26
Q

what do respiratory bronchioles branch into?

A

alveolar duct and alveoli

27
Q

what occurs at the beginning of inspiration

A
  • contraction of muscles and increase thoracic volume
  • expansion of lungs & increase alveolar volume
  • decrease in alveolar pressure below barometric air pressure
  • air flows in lungs
28
Q

what occurs at end of inspiration

A
  • alveoli and thorax stop expanding
  • air flow into the lungs causes PB = palv
  • no more movement of air occurs
29
Q

what occurs during the beginning of expiration?

A
  • decrease thoracic volume
  • decrease alveolar volume
  • increase alveolar pressure above barometric air pressure (Palv>PB)
  • air flows out of lungs until Palv = PB
30
Q

what occurs at the end of expiration?

A
  • PB = Palv

- no more movement of air occurs

31
Q

what is boyles law?

A

the pressure of a gas decreases if the volume of the container increases, and vice versa

32
Q

increasing volume of the thoracic cavity during inhalation does what?

A

decreases intrapulmonary pressure relative to the atmospheric and pressure and air flows into the lungs

33
Q

why is air forced out of the lungs?

A

the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases during exhalation relative to outside atmospheric pressure

34
Q

______ are continuous at the hilum of each lung

A

pleural layers

35
Q

what is visceral pluera?

A
  • layer of coelomic epithelium that adheres to tissue of the lungs
  • insensitive to pain
36
Q

what is parietal pleura?

A
  • layer that lines walls of thoracic cage

- sensitive to pain

37
Q

what innervates the parietal pleura

A

somatic nerves

38
Q

what separates the parietal pleura from the intercostal muscles?

A

endothoracic fascia

39
Q

difference in sensitivity to pain between visceral and parietal pleura?

A

visceral: insensitive
parietal: sensitive

40
Q

shape of lungs?

A
  • conical
  • concave base resting on diaphragm
  • blunt apex near clavicle
41
Q

lung divided into lobes by?

A

fissures

42
Q

what are the 3 surfaces of the lungs

A
  • mediastinal
  • diaphragmatic
  • costal
43
Q

what are the borders of the lungs?

A
  • anterior
  • posterior (smooth)
  • inferior
44
Q

what is pulmonary circulation?

A
  • conducts blood from the heart to and from the gas exchange surfaces of the lungs
45
Q

what is bronchial circulation?

A
  • component of systemic circulation

- consists of tiny bronchial arteries and veins that supply the bronchi and bronchioles of the lung

46
Q

role of bronchial arteries in bronchial circulation?

A
  • branch from the anterior wall of the descending thoracic aorta and supply structures in the bronchial tree
47
Q

role of larger bronchial veins in bronchial circulation?

A
  • collect venous blood and drain into the azygos and hemiazygous systems of veins
48
Q

what is eupnea?

A
  • quite breathing at rest

- can be diaphragmatic or costal

49
Q

what is diaphragmatic breathing?

A
  • deep breathing
  • diaphragmatic contraction expands thoracic cavity
  • innervated by phrenic nerve
50
Q

in diaphragmatic breathing, exhalation is passive _________?

A

the diaphragm relaxes

51
Q

what is costal breathing?

A
  • shallow breathing
  • external intercostal muscles contract, elevate ribs and enlarge the thoracic cavity
  • innervated by intercostal nerve
52
Q

in costal breathing, exhalation of passive. _______?

A

muscles relax

53
Q

what is hypereupnea?

A

fast-forced breathing

54
Q

during hypereupnea” inspiration, what do the accessory muscles do?

A
  • assist external intercostal muscles to elevate ribs and enlarge the thorax
55
Q

accessory muscles in hypereupnea: inspiration?

A
  1. scale muscles (elevate 1st an 2nd ribs)
  2. serratus anterior and posterior
  3. pectoralis minor and major
  4. sternocleidomastoid
56
Q

during hypereupnea: exhalation, what depresses the ribs?

A

internal intercostal muscles and transversus thoracis

57
Q

what occurs at very rigorous breathing exhalation?

A

abdominal muscles compress abdominal contents and reduce the volume of the thoracic cavity

58
Q

what muscles are used at very rigorous breathing exhalation?

A
  1. external and internal obliques
  2. transversus abdominis
  3. rectus abdominis
59
Q

sympathetic innervation to the lungs originates from?

A

t1-t5

60
Q

main function of sympathetic innervation?

A

open up or dilate the bronchioles

61
Q

parasympathetic innervation to the lungs is from?

A

the left and right vagus nerves (CN X)

62
Q

main function of parasympathetic innervation?

A

decrease the airway diameter of the bronchioles

ANAT (31 decks)

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