L30: Respiratory System Flashcards
what is pulmonary ventilation
breathing
function of respiratory system (hint: 6)
- breathing
- gas exchange
- acid balance
- filters/protects respiratory surfaces from pathogens/dehydration
- vocalization
- olfaction
what is the nasal septum
central wall of bone and cartilage that divides the nasal cavity
what are nasal conchae
bony plates found on lateral walls of nasal cavity that increase surface area of mucous membrane
what is the pharynx wall lined with
mucosa
what kind of muscle does the pharynx contain and why
- skeletal muscle
- permits swallowing
what kind of epithelium in the nasopharynx
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
what kind of epithelium in the oropharynx, laryngopharynx
nonkeratinized stratified epithelium
what is the cartilaginous structure that connects the pharynx to the trachea
larynx
in the larynx what are the vestibular folds
false vocal cords
in the larynx, what are the vocal folds
true vocal cords
in the larynx where are the vestibular ligaments
superior
in the larynx where are the vocal ligaments
inferior
do cuneiform cartilages attach to any other cartilage?
- NO
- they are supported within the aryepiglottic fold (mucosa-covered connective tissue sheet)
what is the mucosa-covered connective tissue sheet
aryepiglottic fold
what is the flexible, slightly rigid tube in mediastinum?
trachea
which vertebrae is the trachea associated with?
- runs from C6 to T4/T5 where it bifurcates into primary bronchi
function of trachea
- filter
- warm
- humidify air
how many hyaline cartilages does the trachea contain
15-20 U-shaped hyaline cartilages
what muscle is in the trachea
trachealis
in the trachea, what connects cartilage rings
anular ligaments
what kind of epithelium in the trachea?
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
in the bronchioles, what is hyaline cartilage replaced by?
smooth muscle (keep them open)
what kind of epithelium lines the bronchioles, why?
- columnar cuboidal epithelium
- facilitates gas difussion
what do terminal bronchioles branch into?
respiratory bronchioles
what do respiratory bronchioles branch into?
alveolar duct and alveoli
what occurs at the beginning of inspiration
- contraction of muscles and increase thoracic volume
- expansion of lungs & increase alveolar volume
- decrease in alveolar pressure below barometric air pressure
- air flows in lungs
what occurs at end of inspiration
- alveoli and thorax stop expanding
- air flow into the lungs causes PB = palv
- no more movement of air occurs
what occurs during the beginning of expiration?
- decrease thoracic volume
- decrease alveolar volume
- increase alveolar pressure above barometric air pressure (Palv>PB)
- air flows out of lungs until Palv = PB
what occurs at the end of expiration?
- PB = Palv
- no more movement of air occurs
what is boyles law?
the pressure of a gas decreases if the volume of the container increases, and vice versa
increasing volume of the thoracic cavity during inhalation does what?
decreases intrapulmonary pressure relative to the atmospheric and pressure and air flows into the lungs
why is air forced out of the lungs?
the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases during exhalation relative to outside atmospheric pressure
______ are continuous at the hilum of each lung
pleural layers
what is visceral pluera?
- layer of coelomic epithelium that adheres to tissue of the lungs
- insensitive to pain
what is parietal pleura?
- layer that lines walls of thoracic cage
- sensitive to pain
what innervates the parietal pleura
somatic nerves
what separates the parietal pleura from the intercostal muscles?
endothoracic fascia
difference in sensitivity to pain between visceral and parietal pleura?
visceral: insensitive
parietal: sensitive
shape of lungs?
- conical
- concave base resting on diaphragm
- blunt apex near clavicle
lung divided into lobes by?
fissures
what are the 3 surfaces of the lungs
- mediastinal
- diaphragmatic
- costal
what are the borders of the lungs?
- anterior
- posterior (smooth)
- inferior
what is pulmonary circulation?
- conducts blood from the heart to and from the gas exchange surfaces of the lungs
what is bronchial circulation?
- component of systemic circulation
- consists of tiny bronchial arteries and veins that supply the bronchi and bronchioles of the lung
role of bronchial arteries in bronchial circulation?
- branch from the anterior wall of the descending thoracic aorta and supply structures in the bronchial tree
role of larger bronchial veins in bronchial circulation?
- collect venous blood and drain into the azygos and hemiazygous systems of veins
what is eupnea?
- quite breathing at rest
- can be diaphragmatic or costal
what is diaphragmatic breathing?
- deep breathing
- diaphragmatic contraction expands thoracic cavity
- innervated by phrenic nerve
in diaphragmatic breathing, exhalation is passive _________?
the diaphragm relaxes
what is costal breathing?
- shallow breathing
- external intercostal muscles contract, elevate ribs and enlarge the thoracic cavity
- innervated by intercostal nerve
in costal breathing, exhalation of passive. _______?
muscles relax
what is hypereupnea?
fast-forced breathing
during hypereupnea” inspiration, what do the accessory muscles do?
- assist external intercostal muscles to elevate ribs and enlarge the thorax
accessory muscles in hypereupnea: inspiration?
- scale muscles (elevate 1st an 2nd ribs)
- serratus anterior and posterior
- pectoralis minor and major
- sternocleidomastoid
during hypereupnea: exhalation, what depresses the ribs?
internal intercostal muscles and transversus thoracis
what occurs at very rigorous breathing exhalation?
abdominal muscles compress abdominal contents and reduce the volume of the thoracic cavity
what muscles are used at very rigorous breathing exhalation?
- external and internal obliques
- transversus abdominis
- rectus abdominis
sympathetic innervation to the lungs originates from?
t1-t5
main function of sympathetic innervation?
open up or dilate the bronchioles
parasympathetic innervation to the lungs is from?
the left and right vagus nerves (CN X)
main function of parasympathetic innervation?
decrease the airway diameter of the bronchioles
