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ANAT > L2 ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY > Flashcards

L2 ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

Cells unite to form?

A

Tissues

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2
Q

Tissues unite to form?

A

Organs

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3
Q

Organs unite to form?

A

Systems

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4
Q

Systems cooperate to form?

A

The organism

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5
Q

Briefly, what is the organisation of the body?

A

Atom –> Molecule –> Cell –> Tissue –> Organ –> System –> Organism

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6
Q

What is tissue?

A
  • Collection of cells
  • Show structural and functional similarities
  • Have a common origin
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7
Q

What are the four major tissue types?

A
  1. Epithelial Tissue
  2. Connective Tissue
  3. Muscle Tissue
  4. Nerve Tissue
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8
Q

All organs are composed of?

A

All four tissue types

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9
Q

Epithelial Tissue Function?

A

= epithelium

- covers surface of the body and some organs (body cavities, internal organs)

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10
Q

Connective Tissue Function?

A
  • Supports Body
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11
Q

Muscle Tissue Function?

A
  • Movement of Body Parts
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12
Q

Nerve Tissue Function?

A
  • Communication and control of body parts
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13
Q

Cancers that arise from epithelium tissues are called?

A

Carcinomas

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14
Q

What is a Carcinoma?

A

A cancer that arises from epithelium tissues

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15
Q

What are the functions of the epithelial (surface) cells? (Hint: 4)

A
  1. Protection
  2. Resorption
  3. Secretion
  4. Reception
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16
Q

How do epithelial (surface) cells provide protection? Include examples.

A

Provides physical protection (e.g mechanical, chemical, & biological agents)

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17
Q

Why is resorption a function of epithelial (surface) cells?

A

Any substance that enters or leaves the body has to cross epithelium

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18
Q

Why is secretion a function of epithelial (surface) cells?

A
  • Produces secretions

- All glands are epithelial

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19
Q

Why is reception a function of epithelial (surface) cells? Example?

A

Involved in sensory perception (e.g. touch receptors in the skin)

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20
Q

Anatomical name for skin or cutis?

A

Cutaneous membrane

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21
Q

What covers the entire outer body surface, with the exception of the eye?

A

The epidermis of the skin (cutis)

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22
Q

What lines body surfaces that are exposed to the external environment? Examples?

A
  • Mucosa

- Mucosa of nasal cavity, mouth, esophagus lining, lung bronchi

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23
Q

The ___ is continuous with the ___ of the body orifices?

Examples?

A
  • Skin, mucosa

- E.g lips, nostril, anus, genital area

24
Q

What covers body cavities?

A

Serosa (mesothelium)

25
Q

Epithelial tissue covers? (Hint: 5)

A
  • surface of internal organs
  • airways
  • GI tract
  • blood vessels
  • body cavities
26
Q

What cells are relevant to the cardiovascular system and what is their function?

A
  • Endothelium (endothelial cells)

- Covers the lumen of all blood and lymphatic vessels

27
Q

What cells are relevant to the respiratory and digestive systems? Function?

A
  • Mucosa (mucous cells)

- covers the surfaces of all airways and digestive tracts

28
Q

Function of the serous membrane (serosa = mesothelium)

A
  • covers body cavities
29
Q

Description of squamous epithelia?

A
  • flat (thin)
30
Q

Description of a cuboidal epithelia?

A
  • cube
31
Q

Description of a columnar epithelia?

A
  • rectangular (column)
32
Q

What is a transitional epithelia?

A
  • able to change shape
33
Q

How are epithelial cells structured together? What do they lack?

A
  • closely packed
  • almost lack intercellular space
  • lack blood vessels (avascular)
34
Q

What are the different types of epithelium?

Hint: 7

A
  1. Simple squamous
  2. Simple cuboidal
  3. Simple columnar
  4. Transitional
  5. Stratified squamous
  6. Stratified cuboidal
  7. Pseudostratified columnar
35
Q

What is the basement membrane?

A
  • A thin sheet of fibres that underlies the epithelium
36
Q

What are the different types of connective tissue (Hint: 3) Give examples.

A
  1. Connective tissue proper (Loose/Dense)
  2. Supporting connective tissue (Cartilage/Bone)
  3. Fluid Connective tissue (Blood/Lymph)
37
Q

What are the functions of connective tissue? (Hint:4) Give examples.

A
  1. Connecting and Support (tendons connect muscles and bones; ligaments connect bones with bones)
  2. Protection (skill for brain, ribs for lungs and heart)
  3. Transportation (blood and lymph)
  4. Storage (calcium in bones, fat in fat tissue)
38
Q

Muscle tissue is derived from?

A

Mesoderm

39
Q

What are the three types of muscle cells?

A
  1. Cardiac muscle
  2. Skeletal muscle
  3. Smooth muscle
40
Q

Function of cardiac muscle?

A
  • Pumps blood through the body
41
Q

Functions of skeletal muscle?

A
  • regulate temperature (heat production)

- facilitate body movement and manipulate external environment

42
Q

Functions of smooth muscle?

A
  • Move food, urine, reproductive tract secretions (e.g peristalsis)
  • regulate calibre of airways and blood vessels
43
Q

What are myosarcomas?

A

Cancers of muscles

44
Q

What is the cancer of smooth muscles?

A

Leiomyosarcoma

45
Q

What is the cancer of striated muscles?

A

Rhabdomyosarcoma

46
Q

Nerve tissue is derived from ___ and composed of ___ and ___?

A
  1. ectoderm
  2. nerve cells
  3. glial cells
47
Q

Function of nerve cells?

A

Receive and transmit information in the form of electrical signals

48
Q

Function of glial cells?

A

Supporting cells that insulate and protect nerve cells

49
Q

What are the characteristics of the anatomical position? (Hint: 5)

A
  • standing upright
  • feet parallel on the floor
  • head level and looking forward
  • arms at side of body
  • palms facing forward and thumbs pointing away from body
50
Q

In the anatomical position, all body segments are considered to be positioned at __ degrees?

A

0 degrees

51
Q

What is the supine position?

A
  • Body lying down on its’ back facing upwards

- Palms resting on the side, facing upwards

52
Q

What is the prone position?

A
  • Body lying down on its’ front

- palms resting on the sides, facing downwards

53
Q

What are the two major body regions? Include examples.

A
  1. Axial
    - head, neck, trunk (the vertical axis of the body)
  2. Appendicular
    - upper and lower limbs
54
Q

superficial veins are?

A

epifascial

55
Q

deep veins are?

A

subfascial

ANAT (31 decks)

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