L2 ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY Flashcards
Cells unite to form?
Tissues
Tissues unite to form?
Organs
Organs unite to form?
Systems
Systems cooperate to form?
The organism
Briefly, what is the organisation of the body?
Atom –> Molecule –> Cell –> Tissue –> Organ –> System –> Organism
What is tissue?
- Collection of cells
- Show structural and functional similarities
- Have a common origin
What are the four major tissue types?
- Epithelial Tissue
- Connective Tissue
- Muscle Tissue
- Nerve Tissue
All organs are composed of?
All four tissue types
Epithelial Tissue Function?
= epithelium
- covers surface of the body and some organs (body cavities, internal organs)
Connective Tissue Function?
- Supports Body
Muscle Tissue Function?
- Movement of Body Parts
Nerve Tissue Function?
- Communication and control of body parts
Cancers that arise from epithelium tissues are called?
Carcinomas
What is a Carcinoma?
A cancer that arises from epithelium tissues
What are the functions of the epithelial (surface) cells? (Hint: 4)
- Protection
- Resorption
- Secretion
- Reception
How do epithelial (surface) cells provide protection? Include examples.
Provides physical protection (e.g mechanical, chemical, & biological agents)
Why is resorption a function of epithelial (surface) cells?
Any substance that enters or leaves the body has to cross epithelium
Why is secretion a function of epithelial (surface) cells?
- Produces secretions
- All glands are epithelial
Why is reception a function of epithelial (surface) cells? Example?
Involved in sensory perception (e.g. touch receptors in the skin)
Anatomical name for skin or cutis?
Cutaneous membrane
What covers the entire outer body surface, with the exception of the eye?
The epidermis of the skin (cutis)
What lines body surfaces that are exposed to the external environment? Examples?
- Mucosa
- Mucosa of nasal cavity, mouth, esophagus lining, lung bronchi
The ___ is continuous with the ___ of the body orifices?
Examples?
- Skin, mucosa
- E.g lips, nostril, anus, genital area
What covers body cavities?
Serosa (mesothelium)
Epithelial tissue covers? (Hint: 5)
- surface of internal organs
- airways
- GI tract
- blood vessels
- body cavities
What cells are relevant to the cardiovascular system and what is their function?
- Endothelium (endothelial cells)
- Covers the lumen of all blood and lymphatic vessels
What cells are relevant to the respiratory and digestive systems? Function?
- Mucosa (mucous cells)
- covers the surfaces of all airways and digestive tracts
Function of the serous membrane (serosa = mesothelium)
- covers body cavities
Description of squamous epithelia?
- flat (thin)
Description of a cuboidal epithelia?
- cube
Description of a columnar epithelia?
- rectangular (column)
What is a transitional epithelia?
- able to change shape
How are epithelial cells structured together? What do they lack?
- closely packed
- almost lack intercellular space
- lack blood vessels (avascular)
What are the different types of epithelium?
Hint: 7
- Simple squamous
- Simple cuboidal
- Simple columnar
- Transitional
- Stratified squamous
- Stratified cuboidal
- Pseudostratified columnar
What is the basement membrane?
- A thin sheet of fibres that underlies the epithelium
What are the different types of connective tissue (Hint: 3) Give examples.
- Connective tissue proper (Loose/Dense)
- Supporting connective tissue (Cartilage/Bone)
- Fluid Connective tissue (Blood/Lymph)
What are the functions of connective tissue? (Hint:4) Give examples.
- Connecting and Support (tendons connect muscles and bones; ligaments connect bones with bones)
- Protection (skill for brain, ribs for lungs and heart)
- Transportation (blood and lymph)
- Storage (calcium in bones, fat in fat tissue)
Muscle tissue is derived from?
Mesoderm
What are the three types of muscle cells?
- Cardiac muscle
- Skeletal muscle
- Smooth muscle
Function of cardiac muscle?
- Pumps blood through the body
Functions of skeletal muscle?
- regulate temperature (heat production)
- facilitate body movement and manipulate external environment
Functions of smooth muscle?
- Move food, urine, reproductive tract secretions (e.g peristalsis)
- regulate calibre of airways and blood vessels
What are myosarcomas?
Cancers of muscles
What is the cancer of smooth muscles?
Leiomyosarcoma
What is the cancer of striated muscles?
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Nerve tissue is derived from ___ and composed of ___ and ___?
- ectoderm
- nerve cells
- glial cells
Function of nerve cells?
Receive and transmit information in the form of electrical signals
Function of glial cells?
Supporting cells that insulate and protect nerve cells
What are the characteristics of the anatomical position? (Hint: 5)
- standing upright
- feet parallel on the floor
- head level and looking forward
- arms at side of body
- palms facing forward and thumbs pointing away from body
In the anatomical position, all body segments are considered to be positioned at __ degrees?
0 degrees
What is the supine position?
- Body lying down on its’ back facing upwards
- Palms resting on the side, facing upwards
What is the prone position?
- Body lying down on its’ front
- palms resting on the sides, facing downwards
What are the two major body regions? Include examples.
- Axial
- head, neck, trunk (the vertical axis of the body) - Appendicular
- upper and lower limbs
superficial veins are?
epifascial
deep veins are?
subfascial
