L23: Vaccination Flashcards
What are the 4 phases of infection
1) establishment of infection
2) induction of the adaptive responce
3) adaptive immune responce
4) immunological memory
If someone has a vaccination and they have an entry of the micro-organism they are vaccinated against, which phase of infection does vaccine work at
Phase 1: establishment of infection
What happens to the antibodies levels in a t independent response with a vaccination in the primary and secondary response
Primary response: the antibodies rise and then go back to 0
Secondary: with a booster the antibodies rise and then go back to 0 again
What happens to the antibodies in a t-dependent antibody response with a vaccination
Primary response: antibody levels rise but do not go back to 0 due to class swithcing of antibodies igg and iga Secondary response: antibody levels increase further due to Igg increasing
In the primary response of a t-independent reaction which antibody is found the most
Igm
In the secondary response of a t-dependents response which type of antibody is found the most
Igg and iga
In a t-dependent response which antibody is found only
Igm
What causes the creation of igg and iga in the t-dependent response
Class switching
Where does class switching occur
In the germinal centres
If someone has igm in their serum against a particular antigen what does this mean
They have a current infection
Why does levels of IGM in the serum indicate a current infection
Usually the igm will go to 0
What does it mean if someone has igg against a particular antigen in their blood serum
They have been exposed or vaccinated against the antigen
Which antibodies have a high affinity
Igg iga
Why does igg and iga have a higher affinity
They undergo somatic hypermutation in the germinal centres which allows them to develop a high affinity
How effective are vaccines
Has causes a declined in infectious disease
What are the features of an ideal vaccine
Safe Protective Sustained protection for several years Induce neutral information antibody Practical: cost effective, easy to administer and no side effects
What is passive immunity in vaccination
When you pass the immune such as giving the antibodies straight away
What is active immunity via vaccination
When you activate the host to develop their immunity
What are the disadvantages of passive immunity
Doesn’t last long
What type of micro-organism is given in an active vaccination
Dead micro-organism or live micro-organism that is live but doesn’t spread
Whole micro-organism
Part of a micro-organism
If we do not have T cell help i.e t-dependent repsonce what do we get
No memory
Low affinity
How do we vaccinate against encapsulated proteins
By conjugate vaccines
What are conjugate vaccines
When you give conjugate polysaccharide to protein antigen which becomes present by the APC to the CD4 T cells to give a t dependent antibody response
How do we solve proteins that are poorly immunogenic
Add adjuvants
What is an adjuvant
A substance that enhances the immunogenicity of substances mixed with it
What are the 3 ways adjuvants work
1) Convert soluble antigens to particulate material to enhance APC uptake
2) include bacteria or bacterial products
3) toll receptor agonists as adjuvants
What is a herd immunity
When enough of a population is vaccinated
Why is it important to ask people if they are allergic to egg for a flu vaccine
Flu vaccine get developed in egg so small egg may be present
Apart from preventing infection what are the other uses of vaccination
Prevent cancer as some viruses can cause cancer
