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IIH > L19: Intracellular Immunity > Flashcards

L19: Intracellular Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Where exactly can intracellular pathogens live inside the cell

A

Inside vesicles

Inside cytoplasm

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2
Q

Which pathogens are intracellular

A

Virus

Intracellular bacteria

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3
Q

Where are intracellular bacteria found inside the cell

A

In the cytoplasm
Or
In the vesicle

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4
Q

What type of cell can bacteria infect

A

Immune

Non immune

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5
Q

Which exact immune cell can bacteria invade

A

Macrophages

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6
Q

What is the advantage of the cell becoming invaded inside macrophages

A

They are shielded from the complement, antibodies and drugs

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7
Q

Which type of T cell kills intracellular bacteria that is inside the vesicles

A

CD4 TH1 cells

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8
Q

Which type of T cell deals with intracellular bacteria that is in the cytoplasm

A

CD8 T cell

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9
Q

What type of cell is a macrophage

A

Antigen presenting cell

Phagocyte

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10
Q

Usually what happens to a pathogen when it is phagocytosed by a macrophage

A

Pathogen is inside a phagosome
Phagsome fuses with lysosome
This forms a phagolysome
Pathogen is presented as a MHC class 2 complex on the macrophage

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11
Q

Which part of the phagocytosis part of the macrophage do vesicle restricted bacteria avoid

A

Fusing the phagosme with lysosome to form a phagolysome

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12
Q

If a bacteria is not Brocken down what does this mean in terms of presenting a MHC complex

A

MHC class 2 processing stops

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13
Q

How do bacteria become present in the cytoplasm if they are in phagosome at the beginning

A

They break out of the phagosome by cytolysins

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14
Q

What class of MHC class does cystolic pathogens present as

A

MHC class 1

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15
Q

If cystolic pathogens escape into the cytoplasm what does this mean in terms of presenting MHC 1 complex

A

Not presented and stops

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16
Q

How does the innate immunity kill intracelluar pathogen

A 
Acidification 
Toxic oxygen derived products
Toxic nitrogen oxides 
Antimicrobial peptides
Enzymes 
Competitors
17
Q

What type of T cell does the killing for vesicle/vacuole restricted pathogen

A

CD4 T cells because they present as MHC CLASS 2

18
Q

How are TH1 cells activated

A

By dendritic cells that present MHC class 2

19
Q

When the CD4 TH1 cell is activated what do they do

A

Recognise the complex of bacterial peptide with MCH class 2 and activate the macrophage

20
Q

What happens to the activated macrophage that has the intracellular pathogen

A 
Increase expression of
MHC class
CD40 
Cd80 Amplification 
Fas expression for apoptosis 
Increase in TNF-alpha for apoptosis 
Reactive oxygen intermediaries
Factors that promote acidification
21
Q

Which T cell is involved in killing cystolic resident bacteria

A

CD8 T cell as the infected cell is presented with MHC class 1

22
Q

How do CD8 T cells kill

A

They recognise the MHC class 2 and promote cell death

23
Q

What is the most abundant intracellular infection in humans

A

Tuberculosis

24
Q

Where exactly in the cell does tb live

A

Vacuole/vesicles

25
Q

What are the clinical symtoms of TB

A 
Breathlessness 
Chest pain 
Loss of appetite 
Coughing up blood
Tiredness
Persistent cough 
Loss of weight 
Night sweats
26
Q

How does TB survive inside cell

A

Inhibit 3 key innate mechanisms of:

  • reactive oxygen production
  • reactive NO production
  • prevent phagolysome formation
27
Q

Which cell does TB infect

A

Macrophages

28
Q

If TB is a vacuole restricted bacteria which T cell is involved in its killing

A

CD4 TH1 cells

29
Q

How do CD4 TH1 cells help kill the bacteria

A

Activate the macrophage

30
Q

What happens when the macrophage is activated

A

Phagolysosome is more efficient

31
Q

Is the macrophage activation alone enough the kill the TB

A

NO

32
Q

What happens to the infected macrophages

A

Have a granuloma forming that can kill macrophages

33
Q

What can cause the spread of bacteria again

A

If the bacteria leak out the granuloma

34
Q

How do we prevent TB

A

Vaccination of BCG

35
Q

What happen when the granuloma collapses

A

Become casuesous ( mass of dead macrophages)

36
Q

What are the factors that increase suspectibility to TB

A 
HIV
Malnutrition 
Close living 
Stress
Diabetes
Alcohol 
Immunosuppression
37
Q

What type of genetic predisposition is likely to increase susceptibility to TB in patients

A

CD4 T cell defects

TH1 cytokine or receptor defects

IIH (26 decks)

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