L02a: Haematopoiesis Flashcards
What are the broad groups of blood cells
Red blood cells
Platelets
White cells
What are the 2 subgroups of white cells
Lymphoid cells
Myeloid cells
What do lymphoid cells involve
T cells
B cells
NK cells
What are the 2 subgroup of myeloid cells
Monocytes
Granulocytes
What are granulocytes
Eosinophil
Basophils
Neutrophil
What happens to monocytes when the migrate to tissue
Become macrophages
What is the role of macrophages
Engulf pathogen
Cytokine production
What cytokines are produced by macrophages
IL-12
IFN gamma
What is the role of neutrophils
Engulf and destroy bacteria
What do neutrophils have
Granules
What do granules contain
Lysosome
Myeloperoxidase
What is the the role of eosinophils
Kill pathogen so they have the granules for it bu they do not engulf like neutrophils
Which immune system are lymphocytes involved in
Adaptive immune system
Where to T cells develop
Thymus
Where do B cells and NK cells develop
Bone marrow
What do B cells exit the bone marrow as
Naive B cells and then differentiates in the lymph nodes
What are platelets involved in
Clotting
How are platelets removed
By macrophages in the spleen and liver
Which cells are produced by haemotopoisis but are not measured in the full blood count
Dendritic cells
Mast cells
Where are dendritic cells and mast cells found
In the tissue
What is haematopoiesis
The process of blood cell production
What is haemoatopoisis regulated by
Growth factors
Cytokine
Where does haemoatopoisis occur in a foetus
Yolk Salk then moves the foetal liver
Where does haemoatopoisis occur in infants
All bones
Where does haematopoiesis occur in adults
In the axial skeleton known as the red bone marrow
Which cell does all cells originate from
Stem cells
What are the 2 roles of the stem cell
Self renewal/ multiply
Give rise to specialised differentiated cells
What type of cells are haematopoietic stem cells
Multipotent
What are the precursors of red cells
Reticulocytes
What do reticulocytes contain
RNA
When is erythropoiesis stimualted
In hypoxia
Which growth hormone controls erythproiesis
Erythropoietin
Where is erythropoietin made
In the kidneys
Why are patients with chronic kidney failure anaemic
They are not producing enough erythropoietin
What are the army progenitors of platelets
Megakaryoblasts
Which growth hormone regulates platelet production
Thrombopoietin
Where is TPO made
In the liver
What happens to progenitor cells to become part of a lineage
Committed
If we get a stop in development of a cell and the cell reproduces without control what do we get
Acute leukaemia
What do we get when no negative feedback on haematopoiesis occurs
Chronic leukaemia
Apart from growth factors what other things control haematopoiesis
Transcription factors
What do transcription factors work with
Growth factors or cytokines
What is the growth factor that regulates the production of monocytes and granulocytes
G-CSF
How can we increase cell count
Give them the growth factor of the cell they are reduced in to stimulate the cell production
Transfusion
Stem cell transplant
Which growth hormone will be used to treat anaemia
EPO
When would use G-CSF
Prevent infection in neutropenic patients e.g chemotherapy
When would we use TPO receptor agonist
To treat reduced platelet levels
Why can a cell count be low
Not being procured by bone marrow
Or destroyed too quickly in the periphery
How do we investigate cytopenia
Bone marrow biopsy
Where is a bone marrow biopsy taken from
Iliac crest
What are the 2 types of bone marrow biopsy
Aspirate
Trephine
What is aspirate bone marrow biopsy
Extracting a semi liquid bone marrow
What is a trephine bone marrow biopsy
Obtain a core of bone marrow
