L02a: Haematopoiesis

Question 1

What are the broad groups of blood cells

Answer 1

Red blood cells
Platelets
White cells

Question 2

What are the 2 subgroups of white cells

Answer 2

Lymphoid cells

Myeloid cells

Question 3

What do lymphoid cells involve

Answer 3

T cells
B cells
NK cells

Question 4

What are the 2 subgroup of myeloid cells

Answer 4

Monocytes

Granulocytes

Question 5

What are granulocytes

Answer 5

Eosinophil
Basophils
Neutrophil

Question 6

What happens to monocytes when the migrate to tissue

Answer 6

Become macrophages

Question 7

What is the role of macrophages

Answer 7

Engulf pathogen

Cytokine production

Question 8

What cytokines are produced by macrophages

Answer 8

IL-12

IFN gamma

Question 9

What is the role of neutrophils

Answer 9

Engulf and destroy bacteria

Question 10

What do neutrophils have

Answer 10

Granules

Question 11

What do granules contain

Answer 11

Lysosome

Myeloperoxidase

Question 12

What is the the role of eosinophils

Answer 12

Kill pathogen so they have the granules for it bu they do not engulf like neutrophils

Question 13

Which immune system are lymphocytes involved in

Answer 13

Adaptive immune system

Question 14

Where to T cells develop

Answer 14

Thymus

Question 15

Where do B cells and NK cells develop

Answer 15

Bone marrow

Question 16

What do B cells exit the bone marrow as

Answer 16

Naive B cells and then differentiates in the lymph nodes

Question 17

What are platelets involved in

Answer 17

Clotting

Question 18

How are platelets removed

Answer 18

By macrophages in the spleen and liver

Question 19

Which cells are produced by haemotopoisis but are not measured in the full blood count

Answer 19

Dendritic cells

Mast cells

Question 20

Where are dendritic cells and mast cells found

Answer 20

In the tissue

Question 21

What is haematopoiesis

Answer 21

The process of blood cell production

Question 22

What is haemoatopoisis regulated by

Answer 22

Growth factors

Cytokine

Question 23

Where does haemoatopoisis occur in a foetus

Answer 23

Yolk Salk then moves the foetal liver

Question 24

Where does haemoatopoisis occur in infants

Answer 24

All bones

Question 25

Where does haematopoiesis occur in adults

Answer 25

In the axial skeleton known as the red bone marrow

Question 26

Which cell does all cells originate from

Answer 26

Stem cells

Question 27

What are the 2 roles of the stem cell

Answer 27

Self renewal/ multiply | Give rise to specialised differentiated cells

Question 28

What type of cells are haematopoietic stem cells

Answer 28

Multipotent

Question 29

What are the precursors of red cells

Answer 29

Reticulocytes

Question 30

What do reticulocytes contain

Answer 30

RNA

Question 31

When is erythropoiesis stimualted

Answer 31

In hypoxia

Question 32

Which growth hormone controls erythproiesis

Answer 32

Erythropoietin

Question 33

Where is erythropoietin made

Answer 33

In the kidneys

Question 34

Why are patients with chronic kidney failure anaemic

Answer 34

They are not producing enough erythropoietin

Question 35

What are the army progenitors of platelets

Answer 35

Megakaryoblasts

Question 36

Which growth hormone regulates platelet production

Answer 36

Thrombopoietin

Question 37

Where is TPO made

Answer 37

In the liver

Question 38

What happens to progenitor cells to become part of a lineage

Answer 38

Committed

Question 39

If we get a stop in development of a cell and the cell reproduces without control what do we get

Answer 39

Acute leukaemia

Question 40

What do we get when no negative feedback on haematopoiesis occurs

Answer 40

Chronic leukaemia

Question 41

Apart from growth factors what other things control haematopoiesis

Answer 41

Transcription factors

Question 42

What do transcription factors work with

Answer 42

Growth factors or cytokines

Question 43

What is the growth factor that regulates the production of monocytes and granulocytes

Answer 43

G-CSF

Question 44

How can we increase cell count

Answer 44

Give them the growth factor of the cell they are reduced in to stimulate the cell production Transfusion Stem cell transplant

Question 45

Which growth hormone will be used to treat anaemia

Answer 45

EPO

Question 46

When would use G-CSF

Answer 46

Prevent infection in neutropenic patients e.g chemotherapy

Question 47

When would we use TPO receptor agonist

Answer 47

To treat reduced platelet levels

Question 48

Why can a cell count be low

Answer 48

Not being procured by bone marrow | Or destroyed too quickly in the periphery

Question 49

How do we investigate cytopenia

Answer 49

Bone marrow biopsy

Question 50

Where is a bone marrow biopsy taken from

Answer 50

Iliac crest

Question 51

What are the 2 types of bone marrow biopsy

Answer 51

Aspirate | Trephine

Question 52

What is aspirate bone marrow biopsy

Answer 52

Extracting a semi liquid bone marrow

Question 53

What is a trephine bone marrow biopsy

Answer 53

Obtain a core of bone marrow