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IIH > L02: Haematopoiesis > Flashcards

L02: Haematopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

What are the broad groups of blood cells

A

Red cells/erythrocytes
Platelets
White cells/leukocytes

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2
Q

What is the main role of red cells

A

Oxygen transport

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3
Q

What is the main role of platelets

A

Clotting

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4
Q

What is the main role of white cells

A

Immunity

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5
Q

What are the subgroups of white cells

A

Lymphoid cells

Myeloid cells

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6
Q

What are lymphoid cells

A

T cells
B cells
NK cells

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7
Q

What are the myeloid cells

A

Mono yes

Granulocytes

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8
Q

What are the cell features of granulocytes

A

Contain granules

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9
Q

What are the specific granulocytes cells

A

Eosinophils
Basophils
Neutrophil

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10
Q

What type of immune system is involved in monocytes

A

Innate immunity

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11
Q

What happens to monocytes in the blood

A

Migrate into tissue and become macrophages

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12
Q

What is the role of macrophages

A

Engulf pathogens

Produces IL-12 and IFN gamma (cytokines)

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13
Q

Why are cytokines i.e IL-12 and IFN gamma important

A

Immunity against pathogens that get into cells

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14
Q

What type of immunity is involved with granulocytes

A

Innate immunity

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15
Q

What is the role of neutrophils

A

Engulf pathogens

Kill pathogens to kill

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16
Q

What do granules of the granulocytes contain

A

Lysosome and myeloperoxidase

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17
Q

What is the role of eosinophil and basophil

A

Kill pathogens via granules

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18
Q

Which role does eosinophils and basophils not do

A

Phagocytosis (engulf pathogens)

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19
Q

What immune system is involved in lymphocytes

A

Adaptive immunity

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20
Q

What is adaptive immunity

A

Learnt immune system

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21
Q

What is the origin of T cells

A

Thymus

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22
Q

What is the origin of B cell

A

Bone marrow

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23
Q

What is the origin of NK cell

A

Bone marrow

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24
Q

What is the role of platelets

A

Clotting

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25
Q

What are the cell features of platelets

A

No nucleus

Have granules

26
Q

What is the role of granules in platelets

A

Secrete substances that control clotting and breakdown of blood clot

27
Q

How are platelets removed

A

By macrophages in the spleen and liver

28
Q

What does low levels of platelets lead to

A

Brushing and haemorrhage

29
Q

Which cells are produced by haematopoiesis but are not measured in a full blood count (FBC)

A

Dendritic cells

Mast cells

30
Q

What are dendritic cells

A

Antigen presenting cells found in tissues

31
Q

What are mast cells

A

Produced in bone marrow but mature in tissues and are very similar to basophils
Acute inflammation in allergic reactions

32
Q

List the blood cells from most to least in order

A 
Red cells
Platelets 
Neutrophils 
Eosinophils 
Basophils
Lymphocytes
33
Q

What is haematopoiesis

A

The process of blood cell production

34
Q

What is haematopoiesis regulated by

A

Growth factors and cytokines

35
Q

What is the site of haematopoiesis in infants

A

Bone marrow

36
Q

What is the site of haematopoiesis in adults

A

Bone marrow

37
Q

How does a haematopoietic stem cell become a terminally differentiated cell

A

Stem cells multipotent therefore they can become different differentiated cells

38
Q

What is erythropoiesis

A

Development of red blood cells from a stem cell

39
Q

What happens to the nucleus as a red blood cell forms

A

Nucleus becomes extruded

40
Q

What are reticulocytes

A

The cell before it differentiates into a red cell

41
Q

What are the cell features of RNA

A

Has RNA

42
Q

What happens when there is a bleed

A

Erythropoiesis is increased to produced red cells

43
Q

Which other cells during erythropoiesis can become pumped into the blood especially during a bleed

A

Reticulocytes

44
Q

Which growth hormone controls erythropoiesis

A

Erythropoietin

45
Q

Which organ produces erythropoietin

A

Kidney

46
Q

When is erythropoietin released

A

Low oxygen which is sensed by oxygen sensors on the kidney

47
Q

Why are people with chronic renal failure anaemic

A

Due to lack of production of erythropoietin

48
Q

If red cells are being destroyed in the periphery what might you see on a blood film

A

Erythropoiesis is going to become stimulated so you might see reticulocytes

49
Q

Which hormone regulates platelet production

A

Thrombopoietin

50
Q

Which organ produces thrombopoeitin

A

Liver

51
Q

What do you get when there is a block in haematopoesis and the cell produces without control

A

Acute leukaemia

52
Q

What happens when you do not get any negative feedback on haematopoiesis

A

Chronic leukaemia

53
Q

Apart from hormones what other substance is haematopoiesis under the control of

A

Transcription factor

54
Q

What are transciption factors

A

Proteins that control gene transcription

55
Q

How do we increase cell counts in clinical practise

A

Erthrocyte transfusion
Platelet transfusion
Haematopoietic stem cells
Erythropoietin - mainly used in end stage renal disease or Jehovah’s Witness
G-CSF- for neutropenic patients
Thrombopoeietin receptor agonist- to treat low platelet disorders

56
Q

What are the 2 reasons that a cell count might be low

A

1) not being produced by the bone marrow i.e aplastic anaemia
2) being destroyed quickly in the blood i.e immune thrombocytopenia

57
Q

How do we differentiate between aplastic anaemia and immune thrombocytopenia

A

By taking a bone marrow biopsy

58
Q

What are the 2 types of bone marrow biopsy test

A

Aspirate

Trephine

59
Q

What is an aspirate test

A

Extracts the semi-liquid bone marrow which is examined under the microscope to look at which cells are present

60
Q

What is a trephine biopsy

A

Obtaining a core of bone marrow to look at cellularity and marrow infiltration by histology and immunohistochemistry

IIH (26 decks)

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