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IIH > L12: Neutrophil > Flashcards

L12: Neutrophil Flashcards

1
Q

Which immune system does the neutrophil belong to

A

Innate immune system

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2
Q

What type of a cell is a neutrophil

A

Phagocyte

Granulocytes

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3
Q

Therefore what does a neutrophil do when it recognises a pathogen

A

Phagocyte it

Kill it inside with its granules

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4
Q

What is the precursor of the neutrophil

A

Myeloblast

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5
Q

What happen to the number of neutrophil in infection

A

Increases

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6
Q

What is the increase in neutrophil called

A

Neutrophilllia

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7
Q

What is the half life of neutrophils

A

8-12 hours

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8
Q

Why is the half life of neutrophil short

A

Neutrophils under ego apoptosis

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9
Q

How are neutrophils activated in the blood

A

When inflamed or infected tissues release cytokines

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10
Q

What does the release of cytokine form

A

Chemokine concentration gradient

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11
Q

What does a chemokine concentration gradient do

A

Attract cells to the infection site

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12
Q

What is the other role of cytokine

A

Create signal that stimulates migration or stops migration

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13
Q

How do neutrophils get to the tissues where infection is from the blood

A

1) blood will vasoconstriction
2) blood flow will decrease
3) neutrophil and the endothelium will interact when selectin ligands on the neutrophils bind to the endothelium receptors called selectin
4) the endothelium will become more triggered and release chemokine which will bind to chemokine receptors on the neutrophil
5) activated integrins on the neutrophil then bind to the cell adhesion molecule on the endothelium
6) this forms an firm adhesion (neutrophil is stuck to the endothelium)
7) neutrophils squeeze through the endothelial cells to pass into the tissues

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14
Q

What receptors on the neutrophil binds to PAMPs that are on the pathogen

A

PPR

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15
Q

What happens to the neutrophil when PPR binds to PAMPs

A

1) a signal is activated via second messengers

2) cellular responses and gene expression occurs

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16
Q

Describe what happens when a neutrophil phagocytosis a pathogen

A

1) pathogen is phagocytosed into a phagasome
2) phagosome fuse with lysosomes that contain toxic granules
3) this forms a phagolysome
4) the pathogen is killed via the granules and enzymes in the phagolysome

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17
Q

What do granules contain to kill bacteria

A

Proteases
Bactericidal proteins
Superoxide anions

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18
Q

What happens when the granules get out out the cell

A

Digest components of the extracellular matrix

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19
Q

What are the 3 states that neutrophils exist in

A

Inactive
Primed
Active

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20
Q

What is inactive neutrophils

A

Rounded

No mobilisation of granules

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21
Q

What is primed neutrophils

A

Cytoskeleton mobilisation

Able to get a fast responce

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22
Q

What is an activated neutrophil

A

Response to chemotaxis
Degranulation
Reactive oxygen species release

23
Q

When is the actual killing of bacteria in the neutrophil

A

When the phagosome fuses with the lysosome to form phagolysome

24
Q

How do reactive oxygen species in the lysosome kill bacteria

A

Damage dna
Oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in lipids
Oxidation of amino acids in proteins
Deactivate specific enzymes

25
What do reactive oxygen species need to kill the bacteria
Proteinases
26
When do neutrophil nets occur
Late function during infection when phagocytosis capacity has been reached
27
How does neutrophil NETs form
When the neutrophil extrudes unraveled DNA coated in bactericidal proteins
28
What do the neutrophil nets do to kill bacteria
Trap and kill bacteria
29
How to we get rid of inflammation i.e get the neutrophils to move away form the site
Via anti inflammatory signals created by cytokines of IL10
30
What happens to the neutrophils when they move away from the site of infection
Neutrophils become phagocytosed by macrophages
31
What is the process of neutrophils becoming phagocytosed by macrophages called
Efferocytosis
32
What happens to the neutrophils when efferocytosis does not occur
Neutrophils undergo necrosis
33
What does necrosis do to the cell contents
Leak out
34
What will neutrophil necrosis present as in clinic
Pus
35
What is pus
Lots of dead neutrophils
36
If we do not have neutrophils do we get pus formation
No
37
If there is too few neutrophils what are we at risk of
Encapsulated infection
38
What happens when there is too many neutrophils
Damage form the neutrophil granules that leak out
39
What does damage from the neutrophil granules lead to
Bronchiectasis | COPD
40
What is neutropenia
Low levels of neutrophils
41
What happens to the risk of infection as neutrophil count decreases
Increases
42
What are the main causes of neutropenia
Decreased production of bone marrow Increased destruction Taken out of the cell too quickly or congregating in one place
43
When can we get decreased production in bone marrow
Aplastic anaemia Blood cancer Radiation
44
When can we get increased destruction of neutrophils
Autoimmune neutropenia | Chemotherapy
45
When can we get marginalisation and sequestration
Haemodilaysis
46
Can it sometimes be normal to have a low neutrophil count
Yes
47
Why can you have a normal low number of neutrophil count
Due to ethnicity
48
Which ethnicity group has normal neutropenia
African | Middle East
49
Which disease is caused by neutrophil bystander damage
Alpha 1 anti trypsin deficiency
50
What happens when we get alpha 1 anti trypsin defieincey
Abnormal neutrophil elastase
51
What happens when you smoke and have alpha 1 anti trypsin deficiency
Lung damage and emphysema
52
What is chronic granulomatous disease a result of
A failure to produce reactive oxygen species
53
What forms in chronic granulomatous disease when there is no reactive oxygen species
Granuloma forming due to persistent activation of cells

IIH (26 decks)

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