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IIH > L12: Neutrophil > Flashcards

L12: Neutrophil Flashcards

1
Q

Which immune system does the neutrophil belong to

A

Innate immune system

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2
Q

What type of a cell is a neutrophil

A

Phagocyte

Granulocytes

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3
Q

Therefore what does a neutrophil do when it recognises a pathogen

A

Phagocyte it

Kill it inside with its granules

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4
Q

What is the precursor of the neutrophil

A

Myeloblast

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5
Q

What happen to the number of neutrophil in infection

A

Increases

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6
Q

What is the increase in neutrophil called

A

Neutrophilllia

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7
Q

What is the half life of neutrophils

A

8-12 hours

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8
Q

Why is the half life of neutrophil short

A

Neutrophils under ego apoptosis

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9
Q

How are neutrophils activated in the blood

A

When inflamed or infected tissues release cytokines

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10
Q

What does the release of cytokine form

A

Chemokine concentration gradient

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11
Q

What does a chemokine concentration gradient do

A

Attract cells to the infection site

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12
Q

What is the other role of cytokine

A

Create signal that stimulates migration or stops migration

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13
Q

How do neutrophils get to the tissues where infection is from the blood

A

1) blood will vasoconstriction
2) blood flow will decrease
3) neutrophil and the endothelium will interact when selectin ligands on the neutrophils bind to the endothelium receptors called selectin
4) the endothelium will become more triggered and release chemokine which will bind to chemokine receptors on the neutrophil
5) activated integrins on the neutrophil then bind to the cell adhesion molecule on the endothelium
6) this forms an firm adhesion (neutrophil is stuck to the endothelium)
7) neutrophils squeeze through the endothelial cells to pass into the tissues

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14
Q

What receptors on the neutrophil binds to PAMPs that are on the pathogen

A

PPR

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15
Q

What happens to the neutrophil when PPR binds to PAMPs

A

1) a signal is activated via second messengers

2) cellular responses and gene expression occurs

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16
Q

Describe what happens when a neutrophil phagocytosis a pathogen

A

1) pathogen is phagocytosed into a phagasome
2) phagosome fuse with lysosomes that contain toxic granules
3) this forms a phagolysome
4) the pathogen is killed via the granules and enzymes in the phagolysome

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17
Q

What do granules contain to kill bacteria

A

Proteases
Bactericidal proteins
Superoxide anions

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18
Q

What happens when the granules get out out the cell

A

Digest components of the extracellular matrix

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19
Q

What are the 3 states that neutrophils exist in

A

Inactive
Primed
Active

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20
Q

What is inactive neutrophils

A

Rounded

No mobilisation of granules

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21
Q

What is primed neutrophils

A

Cytoskeleton mobilisation

Able to get a fast responce

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22
Q

What is an activated neutrophil

A

Response to chemotaxis
Degranulation
Reactive oxygen species release

23
Q

When is the actual killing of bacteria in the neutrophil

A

When the phagosome fuses with the lysosome to form phagolysome

24
Q

How do reactive oxygen species in the lysosome kill bacteria

A

Damage dna
Oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in lipids
Oxidation of amino acids in proteins
Deactivate specific enzymes

25
Q

What do reactive oxygen species need to kill the bacteria

A

Proteinases

26
Q

When do neutrophil nets occur

A

Late function during infection when phagocytosis capacity has been reached

27
Q

How does neutrophil NETs form

A

When the neutrophil extrudes unraveled DNA coated in bactericidal proteins

28
Q

What do the neutrophil nets do to kill bacteria

A

Trap and kill bacteria

29
Q

How to we get rid of inflammation i.e get the neutrophils to move away form the site

A

Via anti inflammatory signals created by cytokines of IL10

30
Q

What happens to the neutrophils when they move away from the site of infection

A

Neutrophils become phagocytosed by macrophages

31
Q

What is the process of neutrophils becoming phagocytosed by macrophages called

A

Efferocytosis

32
Q

What happens to the neutrophils when efferocytosis does not occur

A

Neutrophils undergo necrosis

33
Q

What does necrosis do to the cell contents

A

Leak out

34
Q

What will neutrophil necrosis present as in clinic

A

Pus

35
Q

What is pus

A

Lots of dead neutrophils

36
Q

If we do not have neutrophils do we get pus formation

A

No

37
Q

If there is too few neutrophils what are we at risk of

A

Encapsulated infection

38
Q

What happens when there is too many neutrophils

A

Damage form the neutrophil granules that leak out

39
Q

What does damage from the neutrophil granules lead to

A

Bronchiectasis

COPD

40
Q

What is neutropenia

A

Low levels of neutrophils

41
Q

What happens to the risk of infection as neutrophil count decreases

A

Increases

42
Q

What are the main causes of neutropenia

A

Decreased production of bone marrow
Increased destruction
Taken out of the cell too quickly or congregating in one place

43
Q

When can we get decreased production in bone marrow

A

Aplastic anaemia
Blood cancer
Radiation

44
Q

When can we get increased destruction of neutrophils

A

Autoimmune neutropenia

Chemotherapy

45
Q

When can we get marginalisation and sequestration

A

Haemodilaysis

46
Q

Can it sometimes be normal to have a low neutrophil count

A

Yes

47
Q

Why can you have a normal low number of neutrophil count

A

Due to ethnicity

48
Q

Which ethnicity group has normal neutropenia

A

African

Middle East

49
Q

Which disease is caused by neutrophil bystander damage

A

Alpha 1 anti trypsin deficiency

50
Q

What happens when we get alpha 1 anti trypsin defieincey

A

Abnormal neutrophil elastase

51
Q

What happens when you smoke and have alpha 1 anti trypsin deficiency

A

Lung damage and emphysema

52
Q

What is chronic granulomatous disease a result of

A

A failure to produce reactive oxygen species

53
Q

What forms in chronic granulomatous disease when there is no reactive oxygen species

A

Granuloma forming due to persistent activation of cells

IIH (26 decks)

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