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IIH > L21: Allergy And Allergic Disease > Flashcards

L21: Allergy And Allergic Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is hypersensitivity

A

The reaction of the immune system that is detrimental to the host
We can have a normal immune response triggered and persistent in absence of pathogen
OR
Have an inappropriate exaggerated immune response to an agent

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2
Q

How many types of hypersensitivity is there

A

Type 1
Type 2
Type 3
Type 4

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3
Q

What it type 1 hypersensitivity

A

IgE mediated that causes mast cell degranulation and activated eosinophils

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4
Q

What is type 2 hypersensitivity

A

Self igG against own self antigen

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5
Q

What is type 3 hypersensitivity

A

IgG complex in with circulating antigen that causes damage by activation the immune system

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6
Q

What is type 4 hypersensitivity

A

Mediated but T cells and is delayed hypersensitivity

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7
Q

What type of hypersensitivity does anaphyalaxis have

A

Type 1

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8
Q

What type of hypersensitivity does autoimmune disease have

A

Type2

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9
Q

What type of hypersensitivity does glomerulonephritis have

A

Type 3

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10
Q

What type of hypersensitivity does contact dermatitis have

A

Type 4

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11
Q

What are the clinical features of a type 1 hypersensitivity

A

Very early onset

Life threatening

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12
Q

What are the clinical features of a type 4 hypersensitivity

A

Grater than 4 hours often 2days
Usually a skin reaction
Takes weeks to settle down
Not life threatening

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13
Q

How can you test for type 4 hypersensitivity

A

Patch testing

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14
Q

After how many days do you look for redness with a patch test

A

5 days

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15
Q

Which 3 things are not allergy reactions

A

Irritant response
Food intolerance
Side effect of a drug

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16
Q

How do we diagnose type 1 hypersensitivity

A

Look for specific IGE in the blood
Or
Skin prick testing

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17
Q

What would the ige in the blood show for someone who has an allergy

A

Ige consistent with ige mediated reaction

18
Q

Can you get a type 1 hypersensitivity on your first exposure to an antigen

A

No

19
Q

How do we develop a type 1 hypersensitivity

A

1) exposed to an allergen
2) sensitised to produce IGE
3) reexposure you get an allergic response

20
Q

What is the normal level of IgE like in the serum

A

Lowest immunoglobulin

21
Q

On which cell is an IgE found

A

On mast cells

22
Q

When there is an allergy what happens to Ige and mast cells

A

1) allergy is detected by IGE and binds to the allergen
2) Ige binds to FceR1 receptors on the mas cell
3) the mast cell is activated and releases substances that cause an allergic symptom

23
Q

What are the early phase mediators released from mast cells

A

Histamine
Kallikreins
Serotonin
Proteases

24
Q

What are the late phase mast cell mediators

A

Prostaglandins
Leukotrienes
Cytokines

25
Q

Overall what does the mast cell mediators produce

A 
Vasodilation
Increased vascular permeability 
Irritates nerve endings 
Increased heart rate
Bronchoconstriction
Glandular secretion
26
Q

Is anaphlayaxis severe or a normal disease

A

Severe life threatening disease

27
Q

What is the treatment for anaphylaxis

A

Intramuscular adrenaline
Steroids
Antihistamines- to prevent late phase responce

28
Q

What type of receptor does all allergy effector cells express

A

FceR’s

29
Q

What are the allergy effector cells

A

Mast cells
Basophils
Eosinophils

30
Q

What are basophils also known as

A

Circulating mast cells

31
Q

Where are mast cells found

A

Inside tissue

32
Q

What do basophils release

A

Histamine
IL4
IL13

33
Q

Name examples of type 1 IgE mediated allergy

A 
Hay fever
Allergic asthma 
Atopic dermatitis 
Food allergy 
Drug allergy 
Latex allergy 
Venom allergy
34
Q

What are the 2 reasons we get allergy

A

Genetic

Environment

35
Q

What is the hygiene hypothesis

A

Lack of exposure to germs in early life so our immune system goes away from TH1 to TH2 phenotype

36
Q

Which cell recognises helminth parasite

A

Mast cells

37
Q

What does the hygiene hypothesis conclude as

A

Children that are less exposed to germs are likely to develop allergic reactions

38
Q

Which cells kill helminth parasites

A

Eosinophils

39
Q

How do eosinophils kill helminth parasites

A

IgE binds to helminth
Eosinophils binds to IGE via FCER1
Eosinophils kill by toxic lysosomal granules that kill the helminth parasite

40
Q

How do we get rid of dead helminth parasite that is killed by eosinophils

A

Il3 from effector cells cause goblet cells to produce mucus
In the lungs we get bronchoconstriction
Contraction of smooth muscles in the gut

41
Q

What does sensitisation mean

A

When the immune system recognises an allergen but does not necessarily induce systemic symptoms

42
Q

What is anaphylactoid

A

A systemic reaction that is not IGE mediated but can be severe and life threatening

IIH (26 decks)

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