JAALAS 2015 (all issues) Random questions Flashcards
T or F
Syrian hamster develop atherosclerosis in response to diet high in saturated fat and cholesterol
T
-also they closely resemble humans in regard to the rate of hepatic cholesterol synthesis
T or F
Hamsters have cholesterol ester transport protein
T
unlike like rats and mice, which do not.
Humans also have the protein
T or F
According to a recent publication, normal aging (up to 31 weeks) does not contribute to CVD risk factors or atherosclerois in Syrian hamsters
T
List some of the clinical parameters that showed significant differences during during pregnancy that may be clinically relevant
BUN, alb, glob, lipase, amylase, WB, neutrophils, RBC, Hgb and HCT
What is a simple and reliable method of pregnancy detection in Inbred mice as described in a recent publication?
weight gain- specifically weight gain of 1.75g between GD 7.75 and 10.
T or F
A recent study demonstrated an affect on HR and MAP when mice where exposed to vibration with a frequency of 80-90Hz
T
T of F
Zebrafish tend to prefer habitat complexity
T
has been shown to reduce aggression and improve reproductivity
Zebra fish show more aggression when housed in large shoaling groups or in low density such as pairs?
low density
they prefer shoaling groups of varying size
What is the general length of time for zebra fish to establish dominance subordinate relationships within a tank?
5d
T or F
Adding plastic vegetation to zebra fish tanks housing pairs prevented serious injury or deaths
T
T or F
In a recent publication it was noted that cortisol levels measured in zebra fish during attempted pairings adequately reflected the magnitude of animal welfare related issues detected (i.e.aggression, wounding and death)
F
cortisol levels were not a good measure of the apparent level of stress (welfare issues) noted
A recent publication reported that alopecia in Baboons is greater in the winter or summer?
winter
In general, alopecia seems to affect males or females more?
females
What 2 federal government departs oversee the activities of the IACUC
Department of Agriculture (USDA)
Department of Health and Human Services (PHS)
What guidelines were developed under the authority of the Health Research Extension Act and what year was the act passed.
PHS Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals
1985
What act developed the regulations used by the USDA to oversee IACUC
The Animal Welfare Act
Is Listeria monocytogenes a gram negative or gram positive organism?
gram-positive bacillus
What are the primary findings in the tissues of pregnant animals infected with L. moncytogenes
- pyogranulomatous microabscess in the placenta and fetus,
- spontaneous abortions in 3rd trimester
- outbreaks occur, usually in cool weather months
What is the opioid receptor activity of buprenorphine
partial mu agonist and kappa/delta antagonist
What is the mechanism of action of aspirin
Preferential COX 1 inhibitor
What is the mechanism of action of Meloxicam
Preferential COX 2 inhibitor
Which NSAID has recently been found to cause sever gastric ulceration and bleeding in rats, especially when give with anesthesia?
ketoprofen
(non-selective COX inhibitor)
What is the COX selective preference of Firocoxib?
Non-Selective but has many times higher preference for COX2
T or F
A recent study using the plantar incisional pain model in mice determined a dose of Firocoxib that was comparable to buprenorphine for pain relief.
T
10 or 20mg IP SID
Is buprenorphine a partial mu receptor agonist or antagonist?
agonist
T or F
Tramadol acts as mu opioid agonist
T
it also has serotonin and norepinephrine re-uptake inhibitor activities
A recent study with tramadol as a model for relief of post-operative pain in mice, the authors found a sex difference in the the effectiveness of tramodol. For which sex was it more effective?
Female
However that was at a very dose (80mg/kg) this is probably toxic.
Ultimately they do not recommend tramadol as a sole agent for post-operative pain management
In a recent study Capsaicin was used in a model of orofacial operant pain in order to reduce the thermode testing temperature. What receptor is sensitized by capsaicin to allow this phenomena?
Transient Receptor Vanilloid Potential 1 (TRVP1)
List some like infectious causes of rectal prolapse in mice
Citrobacter rodentium, Helicobactor hepaticus, pinworms
genus and species of deer mice
Peromyscus maniculatus
What is the major difference between rats and other mammals with regard to arrangement of cardiac veins
Variation termed the “circulus venosus con arteries”
-also the presence of the left cranial vena cava is different than humans and many other mammals
A known effect of xylazine on heart rate is that it can increase or decrease it by as much as 30%?
decrease
Sex differences in ECG readings of squirrel monkeys include what difference in the R wave amplitude and OR interval
- increased R-wave amplitude in males,
- longer PR interval
- likely due to larger heart size in males, same pattern as in humans
At what age do most mouse strains reach puberty?
6-7 erred
list the 2 modifications as determined in a recent study, that will aid in reducing preweanling mortality in Balb?c mice
additional cardboard tube for enrichment
mating sibling pairs before 28d
What is the wavelength of typical “red” light
600nm
A recent study determined the effect of long term exposure of “safe” red light on neuroendocrine parameters in which species of Rat
Sprague-Rawly
-there is disruption in the 12:12 circadian rhythm when exposed to long periods of red light during the dark period
genus species of the Marsh Rice rat
Oryzomys palustris
What is a common use for Oryzomys palustris
Periodontal disease
can develop in 10-18 weeks when fed a diet high in sucrose and casein
What is the preferential diet of rice rats?
carnivorous- insects, small crabs, baby turtles
-will be omnivorous if necessary and eat succulent plants, seeds
A recent study examine the use of jackets in rhesus monkeys reported that how many days are sufficient acclimation period.
3d- based on physiology (fecal cortisol measures)
-also showed that those wearing under shirts with jacket acclimated quicker and had fewer jacket associated lesions
What is the mechanism of action of MS222?
inhibits action potentials results in cessation of muscle movements
What is the dominant tissue of oxygen uptake in zebrafish larva less than 3weeks of age?
skin…switches to gills during first 3 weeks of development
What is the concentration necessary for euthanasia of adult zebrafish using MS222
300mg/L, buffered to 7.0
should remain in the solution at least 10min after cessation of opercular movement
How long do the AVMA euthanasia guidelines recommend leaving zebra fish fry (4-7dpf) in ice-chilled water for euthanasia.
At least 20min following cessation of opercular movement
What method of euthanasia is recommended (by AVMA guidelines) fry zebrafish embryo and fry less than 3dpf
bleach solution
Who is responsible for originating the concept known as the 3 Rs and in what publication/year were they first defend.
Russell and Burch
1959-The Principles of Humane Experimental Techniques
List the 3 Rs
Reduction
Refinement
Replacement
Dried Blood Spot Sampling use in pharmacokinetic studies is an example of putting the 3 Rs to use. Which on e specifically does it accomplish?
- Reduction of animal numbers
- also applies to refinement- but reducing the animal handling and restraint required
What is the Ames assay
Salmonella typhimurium reverse mutation assay
What is the ICCVAM?
Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods
- a committee of NIEHS supported by the Nat Interagency Center for Evaluation of alternative Toxicological Methods (NICEATM_
- facilitates the development, validation and regulatory acceptance of regulatory (top, safety) testing
- 15 US federal regulatory and research agencies
T or F
Macaques have ABO antigens on their RBCs
F
What to the A and B alleles in human blood types actually encode?
distinct glycosyltransferases which convert H antigen on the RBC to either A or B (O-type people have an unmodified H antigen)
T or F
ABO antigens are found in a number if tissues in old world monkeys
T
they are found in endothelium,most organs epithelium of GI tract, saliva, just not no RBCs
T or F
A recent study determined that thehemagglutinin assay is adequate for determine cynomolgus ABO blood types
F
The authors suggested this test be supported by SNP analysis and IHC of epithelial tissues
T or F
Gerbils tend to be social animals while hamsters are often more solitary
T
T or F
A recent study suggests that hamsters and gerbils can be houses in the same secondary enclosure with minimal impact on health, reproduction or behavior
T
T or F
A recent study determined that housing guniea pigs in IVC housing has a significant negative impact on their well being
F
There was not a significant impact on the GPs when moved from open top to IVC
T or F
Marmosets are able to synthesize vitamin D3 from dietary sources
F
They must have UVB to form Vit D3 from 7-dehydrozycholesterol in the skin
T or F
Danio rerio are scototaxic
T
exhibit a natural predilection for dark area
T or F
Adding a plastic plant as enrichment to the tank of single housed zebra fish enhances the the well being of the fish.
T
this was not the case for group housed fish
T or F
Ferrets are a good model for neonatal (human) intubation
T
the size and anatomy of the larynx is very similar
When are calcification and ossification within the distal 5mm of a mouse tail present.
prior to weaning age (21day)
T or F
A recent study has confirmed that isoflurane anesthesia and vapocoolants or cetacaine show positive effects on tail biopsy in mice
F
The study shows there is no benefit to use of isflourane (shown previously) or topical anesthetics in mice between 18-21d
-tails biopsied using vapocoolant showed the most inflammation of all methods tested
Dexmeditomidine is an alpha 2 adrenoreceptor agonist or antagonist?
agonist
T or F
Dexmeditomidine has analgesic properties
T
Ketamine is an NMDA receptor agonist or antagonist?
antagonist
T or F
A recent study determined that the use of HP-PA (hydrogen peroxide-peracetic acid) as a surface disinfectant or autoclaving of exam gloves (nitrile)was a via alternative to using sterile gloves for rodent surgeries
T
They also determined that 70% isopropyl alcohol was not effective
What is the most abundant plasma protein
Albumin
about 60% of measured serum protein
What dye is used to quantitate blood volume and to what protein does it bind
Evans blue
Albumin
genus and species of african clawed frog
Xenopus leaves
A recent article describes 2 methods for collection of sperm from mice in vivo termed MESA and PESA.
What do these entail?
MESA- microsurgical epididymal sperm aspiration
PESA-percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration
-under anesthesia,pushed the testicals caudally into the scrotum isolate the cauda epididymis used curved forceps, aspirate sperm using direct visualization of epididymus by small incision or percutaneously Images in article)
T or F
High ammonia levels have been associated with abnormal nasal epithelial pathology in mice and rats
T
Attenuation, atrophy, suuparative rhinitis, degeneration, necrosi
T or F
A decrease in incidence and severity was noted in IUD (C57BL6) lesions in both males and females when supplemented with MS (Mineralized red-algae supplement)
F
Only seem in FEMALE mice, no protection noted in males
What is the estimated prevalence of SIB in research NHPs
5-25%
Who are more at risk of SIB? Male or female rhesus
Male rhesus
High or low humidity is associated with elevated ammonia levels in rodent IVC?
High humidity has been associated with elevated NH3
Air changes per hours (ACH) refers to the number of times per hour that what volume of the entire space is exchanged? a 10% b 40% c 80% d 100%
100%
What parameter does bispectral index measure?
It is an ancillary measure derived from EEG (electroencephalography)
- evaluates waveforms that in phase together
- ratio of low to high frequency waves
- percentage of isoelectricity
Losarten is an antihypertensive drug that is an angiotensin II type 1 receptor agonist or antagonist?
antagonist
A recent article determined what vehicle was the best for administering Losarten to rats by voluntary oral consumption?
Sugar paste
- appropraite plasma levels of losartan
- no change on lipids or sugar profile or h2o consumption
what is the general spectrum of bacterial coverage of 3rd generation cephlasporins?
Broad- gram +, gram -, and aanaerobes
What dose of CCFA (Ceftiofur Crystalline Free Acid) in male rhesus monkeys provided therapeutic plasma levels at least 7day following 1 single injection?
20mg/kg SC
the 5mg/kg dose tested only provided therapeutic levels for 2d
T or F
A recent study determined that zebra fish euthanized with MS22 had higher serum cortisol levels than those euthanized with clove oil.
T
Clove oil contains eugenol which is known to inhibit or promote platelet aggregation ?
inhibit
-this was an added benefit to euthanasia of zebrafish with clove oil, because it enhanced the ability to collect blood
As pointed out in a recent article, estimating blood volume by BW (10%: 10% rule), especially in macaques that fall in the obese category, grossly over- or under-estimates blood volume
over-estimates
-measuring blood volume using tracers FITC-HES) determines blood volume to be about 3x less in obese animals as compared to estimating blood volume on BW as is typically done
T or F
Maternal weight gain (MWG) can be used to estimate litter size in mice (C57, Swiss, and BalbC).
T
This may be useful for calculations aimed at reduction of animal numbers
T or F
Rhesus monkeys typically exist in multi-male, multi-femaile breeding groups
T
What is the range of the mouse Thermoneutral zone (TNZ)?
29-31C
T or F
MPV is an enveloped virus that is very stable in the environment and difficult to inactivate
F
It is not ENVELOPED
-it is stable in the environment and difficult to inactivate
T or F
A recent publication demonstrated that cage washing at 110F with appropriate detergent and times was sufficient to decontaminate mouse cages
T
this is opposed to the current standard of 180 and these of autoclaving post washing
A recent study demonstrated that SR Bup was well tolerated and reach steady plasma concentrations for long duration and achieved analgesic efficacy in male and female sheep
T
0.27mg/kg IM
T or F
The 2013 AVMA guidelines lists euthanasia of mice with IP ethanol as “acceptable with conditions”
T
T or F
The 2013 AVMA guidelines on euthanasia lists the IP injection of pentobarbital-phenytoin product as “acceptable”
T
A recent study found IP injection of pentobarbital-phenytoin in mice to be quicker acting and less painful that euthanasia by IP injection of ethanol
F
They found no statistical difference in the use of Pe/Ph and Ethanol
T or F
Ethanol acts as an NMDA receptor antagonist.
T
similar to ketamine, in a concentration dependent manner
T or F
Ethanol enhances the inhibitory effects of GABA and exerts a direct stimulatory effect on the GABA receptor
T
What is Far infrared (FIR)?
and electromagnetic wave that has the properties of light and wave. Wavelength ranging form 4-14uM.
Has 3 biologic effects- radiation ,resonance and thermal;
T or F
A recent study recommends that chlorhexidine scrub be used as surgical prep of the skin of xenopus
F
It is not recommended due to tissue damage
Saline alone may be adequate for surgical skin prep, due to the robust skin innate defenses of xenopus
What is MALDI-TOF MS?
Matrix-assisted Laser Desperation-ionization time-of flight mass spectrometry.
Used to identify bacteria according to unique molecular finger print
