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Year 3 > Infectious Diseases > Flashcards

Infectious Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

what is SIRS

A

fever or hypothermia
tachycardia
tachypnoea
Leucocytosis or leucocytopaenia

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2
Q

what is ARDS

A

acute respiratory response syndrome - inflammatory response of the lungs

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3
Q

organisms causing sepsis in neonates

A

group b strep
e. coli
listeria monocytogenes

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4
Q

organisms causing sepsis in children

A

strep pneumoniae
meningococci
group a strep
staph a

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5
Q

with a diagram describe the pathophysiology of sepsis

A

see notes

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6
Q

symptoms of sepsis

A
  • Fever or hypothermia
  • Cold hands/feet, mottled
  • Prolonged capillary refill time
  • Chills/rigors
  • Limb pain
  • Vomiting and/or diarrhoea
  • Muscle weakness
  • Muscle/joint aches
  • Skin rash
  • Diminished urine output
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7
Q

organisms causing meningitis in neonates

A

o Group B streptococci
o Escherichia coli
o Listeria monocytogenes

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8
Q

organisms causing meningitis in children

A

o Streptococcus pneumoniae
o Meningococci
o Haemophilus influenza

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9
Q

symptoms of meningitis

A 
•	Nuchal rigidity
•	Headaches, photophobia
•	Diminished consciousness
•	Focal neurological abnormalities
•	Seizures
•	In neonates:
o	Lethargy, irritability
o	Bulging fontanelle
o	“nappy pain”
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10
Q

toxic shock syndrome is caused bt what bacteria?

A

strep and staph

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11
Q

treatment of meningitis

A

• Supportive
o A, B, C, D, E
• Causative treatment
o Antibiotics with good penetration in CSF and broad spectrum
o 3rd generation cephalosporins (+ amoxicilline if neonate)
• Chemoprophylaxis
o Close household contacts
o Meningococcus B and streptococcus group A

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12
Q

diagnosis of meningitis

A

• Blood: FBC; leucocytosis, thrombocytopaenia
o CRP; elevated
o Coagulation factors; low levels due to DIC
o Blood gas; metabolic acidosis
o Glucose; hypoglycaemia
• CSF: pleocytosis, increased protein level, low glucose
• Blood and CSF cultures (antigen testing, PCR)
• Urine culture, skin biopsy culture
• Imaging: CT-cerebrum

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13
Q

streptococcus pneumoniae: shape

A

gram +ve duplo-cocci

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14
Q

streptococcus pneumoniae: where does it colonise

A

upper airways

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15
Q

streptococcus pneumoniae: transmission

A

droplet

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16
Q

streptococcus pneumoniae: predisposing factor for invasive disease

A

viral infections

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17
Q

complications of pneumococcal meningitis

A

brain damage
hearing loss
hydrocephalus

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18
Q

Haemophilus Influenza Type B: shape

A

gram -ve bacterium

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19
Q

Haemophilus Influenza Type B: infections

A

bacteraemia
meningitis
pneumonia
epiglottis

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20
Q

meningococcal disease virulence factor

A
  • Endotoxin = lipooligosaccharide

* Association endotoxin levels and mortality

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21
Q

streptococci: shape

A

gram +ve cocci

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22
Q

streptococci: antibiotic

A

Penicillin

23
Q

staphylococci: shape

A

gram +ve cocci

24
Q

staphylococci: antibiotic

A

flucloxacillin

25
Q

scarlet fever: incubation

A

2-4 days

26
Q

scarlet fever: symptoms

A 
maliase
fever
tonsillitis 
start exanthema
strawberry tongue
squamation of hands and feet
27
Q

scarlet fever: organism

A

group a beta-haemolytic strep

28
Q

scarlet fever: virulence factors

A

m-protein

exotoxins

29
Q

scarlet fever: complications

A

o Erysipelas, cellulitis, impetigo
o Streptococcal toxic shock
o Rheumatic fever 0.3-3%
o Glomerulonephritis

30
Q

scarlet fever: treatment

A

penicillin 10 days

31
Q

impetigo: organism

A

s pyogenes

s aureus

32
Q

Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome: what causes it

A

exotoxins of s aureus

33
Q

Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome: who

A

< 5, mostly newborns

34
Q

Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome: signs

A

fever
widespread redness
fluid filled blisters that rupture easily esp in skin folds

35
Q

Kawasaki Disease: clinical features

A 
•	Fever for at least 5 days and
•	4 of:
o	Bilateral conjunctival infection
o	Changes of the mucous membranes
o	Cervical lymphadenopathy
o	Polymorphous rash 
o	Changes of the extremities
•	Peripheral oedema
•	Peripheral erythema
•	Periungual desquamation
36
Q

Kawasaki Disease: pathophysiology

A
  • Self-limited vasculitis of medium-sized arteries
  • KD reported in all racial and ethnic groups
  • Highest prevalence in Japan and Hawaii
  • Increased risk in siblings and twins
  • Aetiology unknown but infectious cause suggested
37
Q

Kawasaki Disease: treatment

A
  • Immunoglobulins
  • Aspirin
  • Other immunosuppressive agents
38
Q

VZV: incubation

A

14 (10-21) days

39
Q

VZV: features

A

o Mild malaise and fever (kids are not sick)
o Exanthema: papules  vesicles  pustules  crustae  (scarring)
o New lesions during 5-7 days
o Itching

40
Q

VZV: complications

A

o Secondary strep/staph infections of the skin (10-15%)

o Meningoencephalitis, cerebrellitis, arthritis)

41
Q

VZV: therapy

A

o (val)aciclovir

42
Q

VZV: prevention

A

o Vaccination (active/passive)

43
Q

HSV: clinical features

A

stomatitis

recurrent cold sores

44
Q

HSV: complications

A

o (kerato) conjunctivitis
o Encephalitis
o Systemic neonatal infections
o Immunocompromised children

45
Q

HSV: therapy

A

o Self-limiting

o (val)acyclovir

46
Q

HSV in neonates

A 
•	Birth canal/direct contact
•	Day 4-21 of life
•	70-80% disseminated/CNS infections
o	Sepsis
o	Meningoencephalitis
o	Hepatitis (jaundice, bleeding)
•	20-30% skin/eye/mouth (SEM) disease
•	2-3/100,000
•	High mortality
o	Without acyclovir > 50%
o	With acyclovir 20-30%
47
Q

hand foot and mouth disease: cause

A

enteroviruses

coxsackie A16 and enterovirus 71

48
Q

hand foot and mouth disease: incubation period

A

3-6 days

49
Q

hand foot and mouth disease: age

A

<10

50
Q

hand foot and mouth disease: when in year

A

summer and early autum

51
Q

hand foot and mouth disease: clinical

A

o Exanthema and enathema
o Painful lesions
o Recovery in 5-10 days

52
Q

vesicular rashes diagnostics

A 
•	Clinical diagnosis
•	Smear of vesicle (ulcer base)
o	Tzanck test: no differentiation HSV/VZV
•	PCR (fluids, CSF, blood)
•	Serology (past infection)
53
Q

presenting symptoms of primary immunodeficiency

A

invasive fungal infections

54
Q

clinical presentation on neonatal candidemia

A

o Sepsis syndrome
o 2nd/3rd week of life
o Thrombocytopaenia
o Hyperglycaemia

Year 3 (164 decks)

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