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Year 3 > Immunisation and Prophylaxis > Flashcards

Immunisation and Prophylaxis Flashcards

1
Q

when is immunisation indicated?

A

childhood schedule
special patient groups
occupational
travellers

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2
Q

when is prophylaxis indicated?

A

travellers
post exposure
surgical

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3
Q

name the 4 types of vaccine

A

live attenuated
inactivated (killed)
detoxified exotoxin
subunit of microorganism - purified microbial products, recombinant

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4
Q

give examples of live attenuated vaccines

A
  • MMR
  • BCG
  • Varicella-zoster virus
  • Yellow fever
  • Smallpox
  • Typhoid (oral)
  • Polio (oral)
  • Rotavirus (oral)
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5
Q

give examples of inactivated vaccines

A
  • Polio (in combined D/T/P/Hib)
  • Hepatitis A
  • Cholera (oral)
  • Rabies
  • Japanese encephalitis
  • Tick-borne encephalitis
  • Influenza
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6
Q

give examples of detoxified exotoxin vaccines

A

diphtheria

tetanus

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7
Q

give examples of subunit vaccines

A 
• Pertussis (acellular)
• Haemophilus infuenzae type B
• Meningococcus group C
o Conjugated, capsular,
polysaccharide antigen
and corynbacterium
diphtheria protein
• Pneumococcus
• Typhoid
• Anthrax
• Hepatitis B
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8
Q

draw a graph showing the Total Ab, IgG, and IgM response in primary infection

A

see notes

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9
Q

draw a graph showing the Total Ab, IgG, and IgM response in secondary infection

A

see notes

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10
Q

draw a graph showing the effect of multiple doses of a vaccine

A

see notes

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11
Q

what are the components of the 6 in 1 vaccine (Infanrix hexa)?

A 
D - purified diphtheria toxoid
T - purified tetanus toxoid
aP - purified bordetella pertussis
IPV - inactivated polio virus
Hib - purified component of haemophilus influenzae b
HBV - hepatitis B rDNA
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12
Q

UK childhood immunisation schedule: 2 months

A

6 in 1
pneumococcal conjugate
rotavirus
men B

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13
Q

UK childhood immunisation schedule: 3 months

A

6 in 1

rotavirus

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14
Q

UK childhood immunisation schedule: 4 months

A

6 in 1
pneumococcal conjugate
men B

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15
Q

UK childhood immunisation schedule: 1 year

A

Hib/Men C
MMR
penumococcal conjugate
men B

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16
Q

UK childhood immunisation schedule: 2-8 years

A

nasal influenza

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17
Q

UK childhood immunisation schedule: 3-5 years

A

4 in 1 booster (DTaP/IPV)

MMR

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18
Q

UK childhood immunisation schedule: girls 12-13 years

A

HPV

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19
Q

UK childhood immunisation schedule: 14 years

A

3 in 1 booster (DT/IPV)

men ACWY

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20
Q

what immunisations are there for special patient and occupational groups?

A 
BCG
influenza
pneumococcal
hep B
varicella zoster (chickenpox)
herpes zoster (shingles)
21
Q

who gets the bacille calmette-guerin (BCG) vaccine?

A

• Some infants (0-12 months)
o Areas of UK with annual incidence of TB >40/100,000
o Parents/grandparents born in a country with annual incidence of TB >40/100,000
• Children screened at school for TB risk factors, tested and vaccinated if appropriate
• New immigrants (previously unvaccinated) from high prevalence countries for TB)
• Contacts (<35 years) of resp TB patients
• Healthcare workers

22
Q

who gets the influenza vaccine?

A

> 65 yr, nursing home, healthcare workers, immunodeficiency, immunosuppression,
asplenia/hyposplenism, chronic liver/renal/cardiac/lung disease, diabetes, coeliac,
pregnancy

23
Q

people with an allergy to what cannot get the flu vaccine?

A

egg

24
Q

who can get the pneumococcal conjugate polysaccharide vaccine (Prevenar 13)?

A

children

25
Q

how many serotypes are in the pneumococcal conjugate polysaccharide vaccine ?

A

13

26
Q

how many does of the pneumococcal conjugate polysaccharide vaccine are needed?

A

3

27
Q

who can get the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (Pneumovax II)?

A

those at increased risk of pneumococcal infection:
Immunodeficiency, immunosuppression, asplenia/hyposplenism, sickle cell
disease, chronic liver/renal/cardiac/lung disease, diabetes, coeliac

28
Q

how many serotypes are there in the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine?

A

23

29
Q

how many doses of the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine are needed?

A

1

30
Q

who can get the hep B vaccine?

A
  • All new born children from 2018
  • Children at high risk of HBV exposure
  • Healthcare workers, PWID, MSM, prisoners, chronic liver disease, chronic renal disease
31
Q

who can get the chickenpox vaccine?

A
  • Patients who have a suppressed immune system e.g. chemotherapy, organ transplant
  • Children if in contact with those at risk of severe VZV
  • Healthcare workers if sero negative and in contact with patients
32
Q

what kind of vaccine is the chickenpox?

A

live attenuated

33
Q

how many doses of the chicken pox vaccine are needed?

A

2 doses, 4-8 weeks apart

34
Q

who can get the shingles vaccine?

A

all elderly aged 70-80

35
Q

what kind of vaccine is the shingles vaccine?

A

live attenuated

36
Q

human normal immunoglobulin contains antibodies against?

A

hep A
rubella
measles

37
Q

what is human normal immunoglobulin used in?

A

immunoglobulin deficiences

treatment of some autoimmune disease e.g. myasthenia gravis

38
Q

disease specific immunoglobulin (post-exposure) can be used for?

A 
o Hepatitis B Ig
o Rabies Ig
o Tetanus anti-toxin Ig
o Varicella Ig
o Diphtheria anti-toxin Ig (horse)
o Botulinum anti-toxin Ig
39
Q

what type of immunisation are immunoglobulins?

A

passive

40
Q

immunisation and prophylaxis for travellers: risk assessment

A 
health of traveller
previous immunisation and prophylaxis
area to be visited
duration of visit
accommodation
activities
remote areas
recent outbreaks
41
Q

immunisation and prophylaxis for travellers: general measures

A 
care with food/water
hand washing
sunburn/sunstroke
altitude
RTA
safe sex
mosquitoes
42
Q

immunisation and prophylaxis for travellers: common immunisations

A 
tetanus
polio
typhoid
hepatitis A
yellow fever
cholera
43
Q

immunisation and prophylaxis for travellers: immunisations in special circumstances

A 
men ACWY
rabies
diphtheria
Japanese B encephalitis
tick borne encephalitis
44
Q

immunisation and prophylaxis for travellers: antimicrobial prophylaxis

A

• Chemoprophylaxis against malaria
• Post exposure prophylaxis
o E.g. ciprofloxacin for meningococcal disease
• HIV post exposure prophylaxis
o Needle stick (PEP), sexual intercourse (PEPSI)
• Surgical antibiotic prophylaxis
o Perioperative

45
Q

name the 4 areas of malaria prevention

A

awareness of risk
bite prevention
chemoprophylaxis
diagnosis and treatment

46
Q

how can you prevent mosquito bites?

A

cover up at dusk and dawn
DEET
mosquito coils
permethrin impregnated mosquito nets

47
Q

chemoprophylaxis for malaria

A

a. Malarone (proquanil and atovaquone) daily
b. Doxycycline daily
i. Not for <12 yrs, photosensitivity
c. Mefloquine weekly
i. Psychosis, nightmares
ii. Avoid if Hx of psychosis, epilepsy
d. Chloroquine weekly and proquanil daily
i. For vivax/ovale/malariae only
e. Choice depends on country

48
Q

what is the malaria advice to travellers on return?

A

Any illness occurring within 1 year and especially within 3 months of return might be malaria. Patients
should seek medical attention if they become ill particularly within 3 months and mention malaria
risk

Year 3 (164 decks)

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