Anatomy of the Lower Leg, Ankle and Foot Flashcards

1
Q

what is the most frequently injured major joint in the body?

A

ankle

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2
Q

what is the ankle essential for?

A

weight bearing

walking

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3
Q

what kind of joint is the ankle?

A

hinge

synovial

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4
Q

what bones are involved in the ankle joint?

A

distal part of tibia, fibular and upper part of talus

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5
Q

when is malleolar grip strongest?

A

dorsiflexion

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6
Q

when is the ankle joint unstable?

A

plantar flexion

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7
Q

name the main ankle ligaments

A

collateral ligaments
medial or deltoid ligament
lateral ligament

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8
Q

describe the deltoid ligament of the ankle

A
  • Large, strong triangular band
  • Three slips from medial malleolus to talus, calcaneus & navicular
  • Stabilises the joint during eversion
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9
Q

describe the lateral ligament of the ankle

A

has 3 slips

weaker than medial

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10
Q

what ligament is commonly involved in ankle injuries?

A

lateral

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11
Q

what muscles dorsiflex the foot?

A

tibialis anterior
extensor digitorum longus
extensor hallucis longus
peroneus or fibular tertius

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12
Q

what muscles plantarflex the foot?

A

gastrocenemius
soleus
assisted by plantaris, tibalis posterior, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus

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13
Q

what is a Pott fracture?

A

dislocation of the ankle

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14
Q

are ankle sprains inversion or eversion injury (usually)

A

inversion

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15
Q

what is a footballer’s ankle

A

repeated strain on the anterior capsule

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16
Q

what is tarsal tunnel syndrome?

A

tibial nerve compression deep to flexor retinacula

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17
Q

what is the main functions of the foot?

A
• Support the body in
standing &
progression
• Lever it forwards in
walking, running &
jumping
18
Q

at what joint(s) does foot inversion and eversion take place?

A

subtalar

transverse tarsal

19
Q

what muscles are foot invertors?

A

tibialis anterior and posterior

20
Q

what muscles are foot evertors?

A

peroneus longus and brevis

21
Q

what are the functions of the foot arches?

A
  • Bony arches
  • Flexible & deform with each ground contact
  • Acts as shock absorbers
  • Distribute weight over the foot
  • Act as springboards during walking, running & jumping
22
Q

name the arches of the foot

A

longitutinal
medial longitudinal
transverse

23
Q

what maintains the integrity of the foot arches?

A
• Shape of the united bones
• Plantar aponeurosis
• Long & short plantar
ligaments
• Spring ligament (calcaneonavicular)
• Intrinsic muscles of foot
24
Q

how many bones are there in the feet?

25
how many joints are there in the feet?
33
26
how many ligaments are there in the feet?
106
27
how many muscles are there in the feet?
20
28
name 3 accessory foot bones
os trigonum accessory navicular os peroneum
29
what may destabilise accessory bones of the foot
injury | sprain
30
where are tarsal coalitions common?
talocalcaneal | calcaneonavicular
31
what do tarsal coalitions cause?
stiff hindfeet
32
ankle arthritis is common after?
trauma
33
in a patient with ankle pain, no known trauma and < 50 what should you consider?
haemochromatosis
34
mean age of onset of ankle arthritis
46
35
mean age of onset of hip arthritis
51
36
what does cavovarus mean?
high arch of hindfoot
37
causes of cavovarus foot
neurological club foot, idioapthic familial post traumatic
38
pathogenesis of cavovarus foot
• Weakness of intrinsic muscles - clawing of toes • ‘Plunger-effect’ by proximal phalanges - plantarflexion of MT’s – also ‘overaction’ of peroneus longus • Weakness of peroneus brevis - hindfoot varus • Weakness of tibialis anterior - equinus • Overpull of tibialis posterior - adduction of forefoot
39
clinical manifestations of cavovarus foot
• Clawing of toes & plantarflexion of metatarsals - plantar callosities and shoe problems • Weakness of peroneus brevis - hindfoot varus - ankle instability • Weakness of tibialis anterior – equinus - altered gait • Overpull of tibialis posterior - adduction of forefoot - stress fractures of lateral metatarsals
40
what questions must you ask when assessing cavovarus foot?
* Progressive? * Family history? * Muscle pain or weakness? * Elevated creatinine kinase? * Altered sensation?