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Year 3 > Anatomy of the Lower Leg, Ankle and Foot > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Lower Leg, Ankle and Foot Flashcards

1
Q

what is the most frequently injured major joint in the body?

A

ankle

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2
Q

what is the ankle essential for?

A

weight bearing

walking

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3
Q

what kind of joint is the ankle?

A

hinge

synovial

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4
Q

what bones are involved in the ankle joint?

A

distal part of tibia, fibular and upper part of talus

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5
Q

when is malleolar grip strongest?

A

dorsiflexion

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6
Q

when is the ankle joint unstable?

A

plantar flexion

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7
Q

name the main ankle ligaments

A

collateral ligaments
medial or deltoid ligament
lateral ligament

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8
Q

describe the deltoid ligament of the ankle

A
  • Large, strong triangular band
  • Three slips from medial malleolus to talus, calcaneus & navicular
  • Stabilises the joint during eversion
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9
Q

describe the lateral ligament of the ankle

A

has 3 slips

weaker than medial

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10
Q

what ligament is commonly involved in ankle injuries?

A

lateral

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11
Q

what muscles dorsiflex the foot?

A

tibialis anterior
extensor digitorum longus
extensor hallucis longus
peroneus or fibular tertius

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12
Q

what muscles plantarflex the foot?

A

gastrocenemius
soleus
assisted by plantaris, tibalis posterior, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus

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13
Q

what is a Pott fracture?

A

dislocation of the ankle

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14
Q

are ankle sprains inversion or eversion injury (usually)

A

inversion

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15
Q

what is a footballer’s ankle

A

repeated strain on the anterior capsule

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16
Q

what is tarsal tunnel syndrome?

A

tibial nerve compression deep to flexor retinacula

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17
Q

what is the main functions of the foot?

A 
• Support the body in
standing &
progression
• Lever it forwards in
walking, running &
jumping
18
Q

at what joint(s) does foot inversion and eversion take place?

A

subtalar

transverse tarsal

19
Q

what muscles are foot invertors?

A

tibialis anterior and posterior

20
Q

what muscles are foot evertors?

A

peroneus longus and brevis

21
Q

what are the functions of the foot arches?

A
  • Bony arches
  • Flexible & deform with each ground contact
  • Acts as shock absorbers
  • Distribute weight over the foot
  • Act as springboards during walking, running & jumping
22
Q

name the arches of the foot

A

longitutinal
medial longitudinal
transverse

23
Q

what maintains the integrity of the foot arches?

A 
• Shape of the united bones
• Plantar aponeurosis
• Long & short plantar
ligaments
• Spring ligament (calcaneonavicular)
• Intrinsic muscles of foot
24
Q

how many bones are there in the feet?

A

28 +

25
Q

how many joints are there in the feet?

A

33

26
Q

how many ligaments are there in the feet?

A

106

27
Q

how many muscles are there in the feet?

A

20

28
Q

name 3 accessory foot bones

A

os trigonum
accessory navicular
os peroneum

29
Q

what may destabilise accessory bones of the foot

A

injury

sprain

30
Q

where are tarsal coalitions common?

A

talocalcaneal

calcaneonavicular

31
Q

what do tarsal coalitions cause?

A

stiff hindfeet

32
Q

ankle arthritis is common after?

A

trauma

33
Q

in a patient with ankle pain, no known trauma and < 50 what should you consider?

A

haemochromatosis

34
Q

mean age of onset of ankle arthritis

A

46

35
Q

mean age of onset of hip arthritis

A

51

36
Q

what does cavovarus mean?

A

high arch of hindfoot

37
Q

causes of cavovarus foot

A

neurological
club foot, idioapthic familial
post traumatic

38
Q

pathogenesis of cavovarus foot

A

• Weakness of intrinsic muscles - clawing of toes
• ‘Plunger-effect’ by proximal phalanges - plantarflexion of MT’s – also
‘overaction’ of peroneus longus
• Weakness of peroneus brevis - hindfoot varus
• Weakness of tibialis anterior - equinus
• Overpull of tibialis posterior - adduction of forefoot

39
Q

clinical manifestations of cavovarus foot

A

• Clawing of toes & plantarflexion of metatarsals - plantar callosities
and shoe problems
• Weakness of peroneus brevis - hindfoot varus - ankle instability
• Weakness of tibialis anterior – equinus - altered gait
• Overpull of tibialis posterior - adduction of forefoot - stress fractures
of lateral metatarsals

40
Q

what questions must you ask when assessing cavovarus foot?

A
  • Progressive?
  • Family history?
  • Muscle pain or weakness?
  • Elevated creatinine kinase?
  • Altered sensation?

Year 3 (164 decks)

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