Infectious Diseases Flashcards by Jamaira Belmes

Approximately 80% of blood cultures that will be positive are identified at

1st 24 hr from incubation

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Persistence of IgM up months

Hepatitis A

West Nile Virus

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T lymphocyte independent vaccines

poor immune responses in children < 2 y/o

short term immunity

absence of an enhanced or booster response on repeat exposure to the antigen

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Rotavirus vaccine should NOT be initiated in infants OLDER than

15 weeks

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The final dose of rotavirus vaccine must be administered no later than

8 mo of age

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The MC adverse reaction to IM immunoglobulins

pain at injection site

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Hepatitis A prophylaxis

IMIg

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Toxoid - modified bacterial toxin that is made non toxic and is able to induce active immune response against toxins

TOXOID VACCINE

Tetanus

Diphtheria

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Minimum age for the last dose of Hep B vaccine

24 weeks

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Vaccines CONTRAINDICATED in patients with X-LINKED AGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA

oral polio
smallpox
live attenuated influenza
BCG

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Vaccine CONTRAINDICATED in patient with CHRONIC RENAL DISEASE

live attenuated influenza

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Oral rehydration is the mainstay of treatment for pediatric traveler diarrhea and the DOC is

Macrolide (Azithromycin)

Ciprofloxacin

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Endogenous pyrogens

cytokines
IL 1and IL 6
TNF a
IFN B and Y

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Drugs that are known to cause fever

Vancomycin
Allopurinol
Amphotericin B

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Palpebral Conjunctivitis

measles
coxsackie virus
TB
infectious mononucleosis
lymphogranulomavenereum or cat scratch disease

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Bulbar Conjunctivitis

Kawasaki disease

Leptospirosis

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Types of Fever

INTERMITTENT FEVER
*exaggerated circadian rhythm that includes a period of normal temp on most days

SEPTIC OR HECTIC FEVER
*extremely wide fluctuations

SUSTAINED FEVER
*persistent and does not vary by > 0.5 C/day

REMITTENT FEVER
*persistent and varies by > 0.5 C/day

RELAPSING FEVER
*febrile periods that separated by intervals of normal temp

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Relative Bradycardia

Typhoid Fever
Leptospirosis
Brucellosis
Drug fever

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The MC serious bacterial infection in INFANT aged 1 -3 mo

Pyelonephritis

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Neutropenia is defined as an absolute neutrophil count of less than

1000 cells/mm3

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Caused by defects in the chain of integrin which is required for the normal process of neutrophil aggregation and attachment to endothelial surfaces

LEUKOCYTE ADHESION DEFICIENCY

neutrophilia
recurrent bacterial infection
(-) pus formation
delayed umbilical cord separation
survival usually < 10 years 
slow healing ulcers

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Penicillins are DOC for the ff pediatric infections

Group A and B Streptococcus

Treponema pallidum

Listeria monocytogenes

N. meningitidis (meningococcemia)

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Metronidazole may increase the levels pf the ff drugs

Warfarin
Phenytoin
Lithium

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Toxic Shock Syndrome

fever
hypotension
erythematous rash w/ subsequent desquamation of the hands and feet
multisystem involvement – vomiting, diarrhea, myalgias, nonfocal neurologic abnormalities, conjunctival hyperemia and strawberry tongue

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Major Criteria for Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome

acute fever > 38.8 hypotension rash (erythroderma with convalescent desquamation)

Minor Criteria for Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome

``` mucous membrane inflammation vomiting, diarrhea liver abnormalities renal abnormalities muscle abnormalities CNS abnormalities thrombocytopenia ```

Children at increased risk of PNEUMOCOCCAL INFECTION

``` SCD deficiencies in humoral (B cell) and complement mediated immunity HIV infection malignancies - leukemia, lymphoma chronic heart,lung or renal disease CSF leak cochlear implants ```

Pharyngeal strains associated with glomerulonephritis skin strains

M types 45, 55, 57 and 60

Pharyngeal strains associated with acute rheumatic fever

M types 1,3,5,6,18 and 29

Acute Rheumatic Carditis usually presents as

Cardiac murmurs | Tachycardia

DOC for Sydenham Chorea

Phenobarbital Haloperidol or Chlorpromazine

To prevent 1st attack of ARF after GAS pharyngitis antibiotic therapy should be instituted before

9th day of illness

The MC clinical manifestation of meningococcal infection

Asymptomatic carriage of the organism in the nasopharynx

The MC complication of acute severe meningococcal septicemia

Focal Skin Infarction -- LOWER LIMBS -- substantial scarring

All patients who are presumed or proven to have gonorrhea should be evaluated for

concurrent syphilis hepatitis B HIV C. trachomatis infection

The MC etiology of joint and bone infection in young children

Kingella kingae

The most important clinical manifestation of M. catarrhalis infection in CHILDREN

Otitis Media

The MC reason for which children receive antibiotics

Otitis Media

Preferable antibiotics in NEONATE with PERTUSSIS

Azithromycin

Severe complications of pertussis and usual causes of deaths

PULMONARY HPN - request for 2D echo SECONDARY BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA

Common Clinical Feature of Typhoid Fever in Children

``` high grade fever - 95% coated tongue - 76% anorexia - 70% vomiting - 39% hepatomegaly - 37% diarrhea - 36% toxicity - 29% abdominal pain - 21% splenomegaly - 17% constipation - 7% headache - 4% jaundice - 2% obtundation - 2% ileus - 1% intestinal perforation - 0.5 % ```

Person with which blood group are at INCREASED risk of developing SEVERE CHOLERA

Blood group O

SEIZURE in cholera is d.t.

HYPOGLYCEMIA

The MC late onset complications of Campylobacter jejuni

GUILLAIN BARRE SYNDROME | REACTIVE ARTHRIS

Produces fever, abdominal pain that MIMIC appendicitis and diarrhea

Yersinia enterolitica

Most often associated with MESENTERIC LYMPHADENITIS

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis

Patients with conditions leading to IRON OVERLOAD are at HIGHER risk of developing infections with

YERSINIA

Antibiotics that shoul be AVOIDED in patients with BOTULISM

AMINOGLYCOSIDES - may potentiate the blocking action of botulinum toxin at the NMJ

Worsening of ACNE im adolescent female on anti TB drugs is caused by

ISONIAZID

Ideal agent for treating fungal UTI

Fluconazole

Antiviral the BLOCKS M2 PROTEIN CHANNEL

aMantadine

Hallmark of the 2nd stage of SSPE

massive myoclonus

4th stage of SSPE

loss of critical centers -- support breathing, HR and BP

The MC finding among infants with Congenital Rubella Syndrome

Nerve Deafness

The MC complication of mumps

Meningitis

HSV infection of fingers or toes

Herpes Whitlow

The MCC of recurrent aseptic meningitis (Mollaret meningitis)

HSV

Infectious Mononucleosis

generalized lymphadenopathy (90%) splenomegaly (50%) hepatomegaly (10%) ``` epitrochlear lymphadenopathy palatal petechiae (junction of the hard and soft palate( ```

The MC long term sequelae associated with congenital CMV infection

Hearing loss

Typically the first sign of infection in infants with RSV

RHINORRHEA

Free living amebas that cause human amebic meningoencephalitis

Naegleria Acanthamoeba Balamuthia Sappinia

The leading protozoa cause of diarrhea in children worldwide

Cryptosporidium

The MCC of death in KALAAZAR

Secondary bacterial infections

HFMD is one of the more distinctive rash syndromes most frequently caused by

Coxsackievirus A16 Enterovirus 17