Gastroenterology Flashcards
Acute Diarrhea
Excessive loss of fluid and electrolyte stool
infants - >10 mL/kg/day
older children >200 g/24 hr
<14 days
Chronic or persistent diarrhea
> 14 days
Watery diarrhea vomiting
Day care center
Infants and Toddlers
Rotavirus
ETEC
Watery diarrhea vomiting
Profuse diarrhea and vomiting
Flecks of mucous on voluminous diarrhea
Cholera
Watery diarrhea vomiting
Profuse diarrhea after eating raw oysters or undercooked shellfish
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Watery diarrhea vomiting
Greasy stool after camping gas
Giardiasis
Watery diarrhea vomiting
after history of travel
ETEC
Bloody diarrhea
Pus and WBC in stool
Trophozoites w/ ingested RBCs
Amoebiasis
Bloody diarrhea
Pus and WBC in stool
Abdominal cramps, systemic toxicity after antibiotic use
Clostridium difficile
Bloody diarrhea
Pus and WBC in stool
Abdominal cramps, tenesmus, abundant pus and WBC in stool
Shigella
Bloody diarrhea
Pus and WBC in stool
High fever, headache, drowsiness, confusion, meningismus, seizures, abdominal distention
History of eating eggs, poultry, unpasteurized milk
Salmonella
Bloody diarrhea
Pus and WBC in stool
Diarrhea w/ blood after eating hamburger
EHEC
Abdominal cramps
Diarrhea
Sweating
No fever
Ham, potato salad, cream pastries
Staphylococcus
Bloody diarrhea
Pus and WBC in stool
Home canned food
Muscle weakness
Diplopia
Blurring of vision
Botulism
Shiga-toxin producing E.coli;
bloody diarrhea
EHEC
Infantile explosive diarrhea with dehydration; few or no structural changes in the gut mucosa
ETEC
Cause colonic lesions like dysentery
EIEC
Non-bloody diarrhea with mucus; prolonged
EPEC
Significant dehydration; prolonged diarrhea
EAEC
Drugs used in Cholera
Tetracycline (not for <9 yrs old)
OR
Doxycycline
Alternatives
TMP-SMX
Erythromycin
Furazolidone
Incubation period of enteric fever
7-14 days
Signs and symptoms of enteric fever
prolonged fever + weird signs and symptoms (may present w/ UTI, pneumonia, GI symptoms, myocarditis etc)
High-grade fever, malaise, myalgia, cough, abdominal pain, hepatosplenomegaly, anorexia, diarrhea / constipation
Maculopapular rashes (ROSE SPOTS) in 25% - visible on day 7-10 of illness on the lower chest or abdomen and lasts 2-3 days
Complications of enteric fever
Intestinal hemorrhage
Perforation
If with perforation – RLQ pain, tenderness, vomiting, features of peritonitis
Treatment of enteric fever
UNCOMPLICATED
Fully Sensitive - CHLORAMPHENICOL
MDR - AMOXICILLIN, FLUOROQUINOLONE or CEFIXIME, AZITHROMYCIN or CEFTRIAXONE
Treatment of enteric fever
COMPLICATED
Fully Sensitive - FLUOROQUINOLONE
MDR - FLUOROQUINOLONE
QUINOLONE-RESISTANT - CEFTRIAXONE, CEFOTAXIME
S dysenteriae serotype 1 produce a potent protein which inhibit exotoxin causes HUS
SHIGA TOXIN