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Nursing Pharmacology > Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

A major cerebral center that lies near the medulla

A

Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone (CTZ)

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2
Q

A major cerebral center that causes vomiting when stimulated

A

Vomiting Center

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3
Q

Drugs used to induce vomiting

A

Emetics

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4
Q

Hyperosmolar are which type of laxatives

A

Osmotics

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5
Q

Lubricants and stool softeners used to prevent constipation are what type of laxative

A

Emollients

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6
Q

Nonpharmacologic Measure for vomiting include:

A

Weak tea
Flat soda
Gelatin
Pedialyte
Gatorade
Crackers
Dry toast
Avoid spicy/fatty foods

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7
Q

When do we use IV fluids to treat vomiting?

A

If they patient has symptoms of dehydration.

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8
Q

Side effects of antihistamines include:

A

Drowsiness, dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention

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9
Q

When should motion sickness meds be taken?

A

30 minutes to 1 hour before travel

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10
Q

Antihistamines and anticholinergics help with nausea by:

A

Acting primarily on the vomiting center. Decreasing stimulation of CTZ and vestibular pathways.

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11
Q

Hydroxyzine (Vistaril) and Promethazine (Phenergan) are what type of antiemetic?

A

Antihistamine

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12
Q

True or False: Promethazine (Phenergan) can be used in patients with narrow-angle glaucoma.

A

False

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13
Q

Scopolamine is what type of antiemetic?

A

Anticholinergic

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14
Q

The 3 categories of dopamine antagonists used as antiemetics are:

A

Phenothiazines(Compazine), butyrophenones(Haldol), and benzodiazepines(Ativan)

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15
Q

Prochlorperazine (Compazine) is an example of which type of dopamine antagonist?

A

Phenothiazine

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16
Q

Phenothiazines are also used to treat what type of disorders?

A

Mental and emotional disorders, used in smaller doses as antiemetics

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17
Q

Phenothiazines work by:

A

Blocking dopamine receptors in CTZ suppressing emesis

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18
Q

Haloperidol and droperidol are which type of dopamine antagonist?

A

Butyrophenones

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19
Q

True or False: Butyrophenones have the same mechanism of action as phenothiazines.

A

True

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20
Q

Side effects of Butyrophenones include:

A

EPS and hypotension

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21
Q

Diazepam and Lorazepam are which type of dopamine antagonist?

A

Benzodiazepines

22
Q

Ondansetron (Zofran), granisetron, dolasetron, and palonosetron are what type of antiemetic?

A

Serotonin antagonists

23
Q

Common side effects of serotonin antagonists include:

A

Headache, dizziness, diarrhea, fatigue

24
Q

Dexamethasone and methylprednisolone are which type of drug?

A

Glucocorticoids (corticosteroids)

25
Q

Dronabinol and Marinol are which type of drug?

A

Cannabinoids

26
Q

How are Cannabinoids administered to help alleviate nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy?

A

They are taken by mouth 1-3 hours before chemo and every 2-4 hours after for a max of 6 doses/day.

27
Q

How does metoclopramide (Reglan) work?

A

It blocks dopamine receptors in the CTZ.

28
Q

True or False: Metoclopramide (Reglan) is routinely used in children.

A

False, EPS occur more frequently in children

29
Q

True or False: It is better to use nonpharmacological treatments for nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy.

A

True

30
Q

When should emetics not be used after ingestion of a toxic substance?

A

When the person has ingested caustic substances like bleach, lye, ammonia, toilet cleaners, or battery acid. Neither should they be used for ingestion of petroleum distillates.

31
Q

What should be used instead of emetics when vomiting is contraindicated?

A

Activated charcoal

32
Q

Nonpharmacological treatments for diarrhea include:

A

Clear liquids, oral solutions (gatorade, pedialyte), IV electrolyte solutions

33
Q

True or False: The use of Loperamide (Imodium) can prolong the duration of Traveler’s diarrhea.

A

True

34
Q

Diphenoxylate w/ Atropine (Lomotil) and Loperamide (Imodium) are which type of antidiarrheal?

A

Opiates

35
Q

Why is atropine added to diphenoxylate?

A

It is an anticholinergic drug that decreases intestinal cramping, motility, and secretions. It also helps to decrease the incidence of abuse.

36
Q

True or False: Opiates that are used for diarrhea cannot cause respiratory depression.

A

False

37
Q

Adsorbents work by:

A

Coating the wall of the GI tract and adsorbing bacteria and toxins.

38
Q

Kaolin-pectin and bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol) are examples of which type of antidiarreheal?

A

Adsorbents

39
Q

Nonpharmacological treatments for constipation include:

A

Fiber, water, exercise, and routine bowel habits.

40
Q

Lactulose is an example of which type of laxative?

A

Osmotic (Saline)

41
Q

What are the differences between laxatives, cathartics, and purgatives?

A

Laxatives promote soft stool. Cathartics promote soft to watery stool with cramping. Purgatives promote watery stool with cramping. Some medications’ action as laxatives or cathartics depends on the dose.

42
Q

Osmotic laxatives work by:

A

Pulling water into the colon increasing bulk in feces which stimulates peristalsis.

43
Q

Bisacodyl (Dulcolax), senna, and castor oil are which type of laxative?

A

Stimulants

44
Q

Stimulant laxatives work by:

A

Increasing peristalsis by irritating sensory nerve endings in the intestinal mucosa.

45
Q

Metamucil, Miralax, and Fibercon are which type of laxative?

A

Bulk-forming

46
Q

True or False: It is important to drink a lot of fluid when taking bulk-forming laxatives.

A

True. They can solidify in the GI and cause an intestinal obstruction.

47
Q

Lubiprostone (Amitiza) is what type of laxative?

A

Chloride channel activator

48
Q

How is Lubiprostone (Amitiza) used?

A

It is used for idiopathic constipation in adults.

49
Q

Contraindications for Laxative use include:

A

Undiagnosed abdominal pain
Inflammatory disorders of the GI tract
Spastic colon
Bowel obstruction
Pregnancy

50
Q
A

Nursing Pharmacology (40 decks)

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