Antituberculars, Antifungals, and Antivirals

Question 1

A state of persistent immune response to stimulation by Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens without evidence of clinically manifested active tuberculosis

Answer 1

Latent tuberculosis infection

Question 2

Drugs to prevent infection

Answer 2

Prophylactic

Question 3

Those drugs chosen first for therapy

Answer 3

First-line drugs

Question 4

Infections that usually occur in the immunocompromised or debilitated population

Answer 4

Opportunistic infections

Question 5

An infection that occurs in an immunocompetent person

Answer 5

Primary infections

Question 6

A nerve region where a virus lays dormant

Answer 6

Dermatome

Question 7

An obligate intracellular organism that must reside within a living host cell to survive and reproduce

Answer 7

Virus

Question 8

Microorganisms such as viruses or bacteria that can be spread through blood and body fluids

Answer 8

Blood-borne pathogens

Question 9

A painful vesicular rash along the region of the skin innervated by the nerve root ganglia

Answer 9

Shingles

Question 10

Patients at risk of contracting TB include:

Answer 10

People who are immunocompromised. Those living or working in high-risk residential setting. Those who use injectable drugs. Health care workers with high-risk patients.

Question 11

Symptoms of active TB include:

Answer 11

Cough, bloody sputum, GI distress, weight loss, night sweats, fever

Question 12

True or False: If someone has a positive PPD skin test that means they have active TB.

Answer 12

False, it could be latent or active

Question 13

True or False: If you come into contact with someone who has active TB, you should get a PPD skin test.

Answer 13

True

Question 14

True or False: Isoniazid is used only for TB prophylaxis.

Answer 14

False, it is also used for treatment

Question 15

Multidrug therapy is used for TB because:

Answer 15

It helps decrease drug resistance.

Question 16

Multidrug therapy for TB usually lasts for:

Answer 16

6-9 months

Question 17

Isoniazid can cause which type of vitamin deficiency?

Answer 17

Pyridoxine (vitamin B6)

Question 18

What are some of the other drugs used to treat TB, besides INH?

Answer 18

Rifampin (turns body fluids orange & GI distress), ethambutol(ocular toxicity), rifabutin, rifapentine, pyrazinamide and streptomycin-(2nd line drug & nephrotoxicity)
Effects: HA, GI distress, photosensitivity, paresthesia, hyperglycemia, hypocalcemia, blood dyscrasias, and hepatotoxicity

Question 19

The 4 types of antifungal drugs are:

Answer 19

Polyenes, azoles, antimetabolic, and echinocandins

Question 20

Amphotericin B is an example of:

Answer 20

Polyene drug
Effects: flushing, fever, chills, HA, GI distress, dizziness, tachypnea, SOB, hypotension, thrombophlebitis, nephrotoxicity, high doses: hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia

Question 21

True or False: Amphotericin B is given IV.

Answer 21

True

Question 22

True or False: Azoles are more toxic than polyenes.

Answer 22

False

Question 23

How is nystatin administered for oral thrush?

Answer 23

Orally - swish and swallow or swish and spit
Effects: GI distress, hyperglycemia, tachycardia, angioedema, bronchospasms, steven-johnson syndrome

Question 24

Fluconazole and Ketoconazole are examples of:

Answer 24

Azoles
Effects: HA, rash, GI distress, hypokalemia, dysrhythmias, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity
Drug: Warfarin and Sulfonylureas

Question 25

True or False: Fluconazole can cause hypoglycemia in those taking sulfonylureas.

Answer 25

True

Question 26

Flucytosine is an example of:

Answer 26

Antimetabolite Effects: Renal and hepatic impairment

Question 27

Anidulafungin, caspofungin, and micafungin are examples of:

Answer 27

Echinocandins Effects: injection site reactions, elevated hepatic enzymes, and histamine-related reactions

Question 28

True or False: Many antifungals can be hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic.

Answer 28

True

Question 29

The most common types of influenza are:

Answer 29

A, B, and C

Question 30

Signs and symptoms of influenza include:

Answer 30

High fever, headache, fatigue, weakness, myalgia, watery nasal discharge, red watery eyes, photophobia, chills, sore throat, and cough

Question 31

HSV-1 typically causes:

Answer 31

cold sores

Question 32

HSV-2 typically causes:

Answer 32

genital lesions

Question 33

Varicella zoster causes:

Answer 33

chicken pox and shingles

Question 34

Epstein-Barr virus causes:

Answer 34

Mononucleosis

Question 35

Cytomegalovirus causes:

Answer 35

Weakened immune system and retinitis

Question 36

How is Hepatitis A pass from person to person?

Answer 36

Oral-fecal route

Question 37

How is Hepatitis B and C passed from person to person?

Answer 37

Through blood or body fluids

Question 38

Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza) are what type of drugs?

Answer 38

Neuroaminidase inhibitors Effects: dizziness, HA, insomnia, fatigue, GI distress, and delirium Use: Influenza A & B

Question 39

Oseltamivir and zanamivir are used to treat what?

Answer 39

Influenza

Question 40

When should therapy with oseltamivir or zanamivir start?

Answer 40

Within 48 hours of symptom onset.

Question 41

Acyclovir, famciclovir, and valcyclovir are used to treat what?

Answer 41

Herpes simplex viruses Effects: N/V/D, orthostatic hypotension, HA, tremors, agitation, lethargy, rash, itching, vein irritation, increased bleeding time, anemia, blood dyscrasia, crystalluria, neuropathy, seizures, nephrotoxicity(large doses)

Question 42

Gancyclovir, valganciclovir, cidofovir, and foscarnet are used to treat what?

Answer 42

Cytomegalovirus Effects: N/V/D, orthostatic hypotension HA, tremors, agitation Lethargy, rash, itching, vein irritation Increased bleeding time, anemia, blood dyscrasias Crystalluria, neuropathy, seizures, nephrotoxicity(large doses) Use: CMV retinitis in people who have AIDS

Question 43

Adefovir, Entecavir, Daclatasvir, & Ribavirin are used to treat what?

Answer 43

Hepatitis Effects: fatigue, flu-like symptoms, depression, alopecia, photosensitivity, anorexia, dysgeusia, arthralgia, myalgia, thyroid & ophthalmic dysfunction, hepatotoxicity, renal impairment, lactic acidosis, pancytopenia