Antituberculars, Antifungals, and Antivirals Flashcards
A state of persistent immune response to stimulation by Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens without evidence of clinically manifested active tuberculosis
Latent tuberculosis infection
Drugs to prevent infection
Prophylactic
Those drugs chosen first for therapy
First-line drugs
Infections that usually occur in the immunocompromised or debilitated population
Opportunistic infections
An infection that occurs in an immunocompetent person
Primary infections
A nerve region where a virus lays dormant
Dermatome
An obligate intracellular organism that must reside within a living host cell to survive and reproduce
Virus
Microorganisms such as viruses or bacteria that can be spread through blood and body fluids
Blood-borne pathogens
A painful vesicular rash along the region of the skin innervated by the nerve root ganglia
Shingles
Patients at risk of contracting TB include:
People who are immunocompromised. Those living or working in high-risk residential setting. Those who use injectable drugs. Health care workers with high-risk patients.
Symptoms of active TB include:
Cough, bloody sputum, GI distress, weight loss, night sweats, fever
True or False: If someone has a positive PPD skin test that means they have active TB.
False, it could be latent or active
True or False: If you come into contact with someone who has active TB, you should get a PPD skin test.
True
True or False: Isoniazid is used only for TB prophylaxis.
False, it is also used for treatment
Multidrug therapy is used for TB because:
It helps decrease drug resistance.
Multidrug therapy for TB usually lasts for:
6-9 months
Isoniazid can cause which type of vitamin deficiency?
Pyridoxine (vitamin B6)
What are some of the other drugs used to treat TB, besides INH?
Rifampin (turns body fluids orange & GI distress), ethambutol(ocular toxicity), rifabutin, rifapentine, pyrazinamide and streptomycin-(2nd line drug & nephrotoxicity)
Effects: HA, GI distress, photosensitivity, paresthesia, hyperglycemia, hypocalcemia, blood dyscrasias, and hepatotoxicity
The 4 types of antifungal drugs are:
Polyenes, azoles, antimetabolic, and echinocandins
Amphotericin B is an example of:
Polyene drug
Effects: flushing, fever, chills, HA, GI distress, dizziness, tachypnea, SOB, hypotension, thrombophlebitis, nephrotoxicity, high doses: hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia
True or False: Amphotericin B is given IV.
True
True or False: Azoles are more toxic than polyenes.
False
How is nystatin administered for oral thrush?
Orally - swish and swallow or swish and spit
Effects: GI distress, hyperglycemia, tachycardia, angioedema, bronchospasms, steven-johnson syndrome
Fluconazole and Ketoconazole are examples of:
Azoles
Effects: HA, rash, GI distress, hypokalemia, dysrhythmias, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity
Drug: Warfarin and Sulfonylureas
True or False: Fluconazole can cause hypoglycemia in those taking sulfonylureas.
True
Flucytosine is an example of:
Antimetabolite
Effects: Renal and hepatic impairment
Anidulafungin, caspofungin, and micafungin are examples of:
Echinocandins
Effects: injection site reactions, elevated hepatic enzymes, and histamine-related reactions
True or False: Many antifungals can be hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic.
True
The most common types of influenza are:
A, B, and C
Signs and symptoms of influenza include:
High fever, headache, fatigue, weakness, myalgia, watery nasal discharge, red watery eyes, photophobia, chills, sore throat, and cough
HSV-1 typically causes:
cold sores
HSV-2 typically causes:
genital lesions
Varicella zoster causes:
chicken pox and shingles
Epstein-Barr virus causes:
Mononucleosis
Cytomegalovirus causes:
Weakened immune system and retinitis
How is Hepatitis A pass from person to person?
Oral-fecal route
How is Hepatitis B and C passed from person to person?
Through blood or body fluids
Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza) are what type of drugs?
Neuroaminidase inhibitors
Effects: dizziness, HA, insomnia, fatigue, GI distress, and delirium
Use: Influenza A & B
Oseltamivir and zanamivir are used to treat what?
Influenza
When should therapy with oseltamivir or zanamivir start?
Within 48 hours of symptom onset.
Acyclovir, famciclovir, and valcyclovir are used to treat what?
Herpes simplex viruses
Effects: N/V/D, orthostatic hypotension, HA, tremors, agitation, lethargy, rash, itching, vein irritation, increased bleeding time, anemia, blood dyscrasia, crystalluria, neuropathy, seizures, nephrotoxicity(large doses)
Gancyclovir, valganciclovir, cidofovir, and foscarnet are used to treat what?
Cytomegalovirus
Effects: N/V/D, orthostatic hypotension
HA, tremors, agitation
Lethargy, rash, itching, vein irritation
Increased bleeding time, anemia, blood dyscrasias
Crystalluria, neuropathy, seizures, nephrotoxicity(large doses)
Use: CMV retinitis in people who have AIDS
Adefovir, Entecavir, Daclatasvir, & Ribavirin are used to treat what?
Hepatitis
Effects: fatigue, flu-like symptoms, depression, alopecia, photosensitivity, anorexia, dysgeusia, arthralgia, myalgia, thyroid & ophthalmic dysfunction, hepatotoxicity, renal impairment, lactic acidosis, pancytopenia
