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Nursing Pharmacology > Antibacterials > Flashcards

Antibacterials Flashcards

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1
Q

Inhibits bacterial growth

A

Bacteriostatic

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2
Q

Bacteria killing

A

Bactericidal

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3
Q

A disease-producing microorganism

A

Pathogen

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4
Q

Substances that inhibit bacterial growth or kill bacteria and other microorganisms

A

Antimicrobials

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5
Q

Resistance caused by prior exposure to an antibacterial

A

Acquired resistance

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6
Q

Microscopic organisms that include viruses, fungi, protozoa, and rickettsiae

A

Microorganisms

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7
Q

Antibody proteins such as IgG and IgM

A

Immunoglobulins

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8
Q

Bacterial resistance that results naturally

A

Inherent resistance

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9
Q

Crystals in the urine

A

Crystalluria

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10
Q

Infections acquired while patients are in the hospital

A

Health-care acquired infection (nosocomial infection)

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11
Q

Antibiotics that are effective against one type of organism

A

Narrow-spectrum antibiotics

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12
Q

A new infection in a patient with preexisting infection

A

Superinfection

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13
Q

Kidney toxicity

A

Nephrotoxicity

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14
Q

Ear poisoning that results from exposure to drugs or chemicals that damage the inner ear or the vestibulocochlear nerve

A

Ototoxicity

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15
Q

A skin reaction caused by exposure to sunlight

A

Photosensitivity

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16
Q

Amount of antibacterial drug needed to stop growth of a microorganism

A

Minimum Effective Concentration (MEC)

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17
Q

Factors that influence the body’s ability to fight infection include:

A

Age, nutrition, antibodies, circulation, WBCs, and organ function.

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18
Q

What type of test should be ordered before antibiotics are administered?

A

Culture & Sensitivity

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19
Q

List contributions to antibiotic resistance.

A

Taking antibiotics for viral infections. Taking antibiotics incorrectly (skipping doses).

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20
Q

Resistance that can occur between antibacterial drugs that have similar actions.

A

Cross resistance

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21
Q

True or False: Broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs can be used to treat infections before culture and sensitivity results are received.

A

True

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22
Q

Penicillin works by:

A

Inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis

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23
Q

Penicillin G and Penicillin VK are examples of what?

A

Basic penicillins

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24
Q

Amoxicillin and ampicillin are examples of what?

A

Broad-spectrum penicillins

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25
Q

True or False: Broad-spectrum penicillins are resistant to penicillinase.

A

False

26
Q

Dicloxacillin, nafcillin, and oxacillin are examples of:

A

Penicillinase-resistant penicillins

27
Q

Piperacillin-tazobactam (Zosyn) is an example of:

A

Extended-spectrum penicillin

28
Q

Clavulanic acid, sulbactam, and tazobactam are examples of:

A

Beta-lactamase inhibitors

29
Q

True or False: Beta-lactamase inhibitors can be used alone or in combination with other drugs to treat bacterial infections.

A

False, always given with another drug

30
Q

Clavulanic acid and amoxicillin make:

A

Augmentin

31
Q

Side effects/adverse reactions to Penicillins include:

A

Hypersensitivity, anaphylaxis, superinfection, tongue discoloration, stomatitis, GI distress, C. diff.

32
Q

True or False: Like penicillin, cephalosporins have a beta-lactam structure.

A

True

33
Q

True or False: Each generation of Cephalosporins are effective against a broader spectrum of bacteria and have an increased ability to cross the BBB.

A

True

34
Q

What should you do if you have a patient that has a cephalosporin ordered who has had a mild allergic reaction to penicillin in the past?

A

Administer under close supervision.

35
Q

Side effects/adverse reactions of cephalosporins include:

A

Anaphylaxis, superinfection, headache, dysgeusia, GI distress, C. diff, increased bleeding, seizures, nephrotoxicity, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and elevated hepatic enzymes.

36
Q

True or False: It is ok for patients to drink alcohol while taking a cephalosporin.

A

False

37
Q

Azithromycin, erythromycin, and clarithromycin are examples of:

A

Macrolides

38
Q

Macrolides work by:

A

Inhibiting protein synthesis

39
Q

Which macrolide is the drug of choice when someone can’t take penicillin?

A

Erythromycin

40
Q

What can result from taking a macrolide with tylenol?

A

Hepatotoxicity

41
Q

Macrolides can increase the levels of which drugs?

A

Warfarin, theophylline, and carbamazepine.

42
Q

Linezolid (Zyvox) and tidezolid are examples of:

A

Oxazolidinones
Use: MRSA, VREF, sepsis
Effects: Anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia

43
Q

Clindamycin and lincomycin are examples of:

A

Lincosamides
Effects: pancytopenia, xerosis, glossitis

44
Q

Vancomycin is an example of:

A

Glycopeptide

45
Q

What reaction can occur when vanco is infused too rapidly?

A

Red man syndrome

46
Q

Telithromycin is an example of:

A

Ketolide

47
Q

Doxycycline and Minocycline are examples of:

A

Tetracyclines

48
Q

True or False: Tetracycline is commonly used in small children.

A

False, it can cause permanent discoloration of developing teeth.

49
Q

Drug-food interactions of Tetracyclines include:

A

Milk, antacids, oral contraceptives, penicillin, aminoglycosides.

50
Q

Tigecycline is an example of:

A

Glycylcycline
Effects: photosensitivity, hyperglycemia, and hypokalemia

51
Q

Gentamicin and neomycin are examples of:

A

Aminoglycosides
Effects: ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and neurotoxicity

52
Q

The peak and trough levels for gentamicin are

A

Peak = 5-8 mcg/mL
Trough = <1-2 mcg/mL

53
Q

Serious adverse reactions to aminoglycosides include:

A

Ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity

54
Q

Ciprofloxacin (Cipro) and levofloxacin (Levaquin) are examples of:

A

Fluoroquinolones
Used: anthrax, infections of the skin, tissues, joints, bones, resp tract
Effects: nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, tendinitis, tendon rupture, exacerbation of myasthenia gravis, and peripheral neuropathy

55
Q

True or False: Fluoroquinolones decrease the effect of oral diabetic medication.

A

False, they increase the effects

56
Q

Daptomycin is an example of:

A

Lipopeptide
Effects: chest pain, hyper/hypotension, hyper/hypokalemia, hyper/hypoglycemia, and rhabdomyolysis

57
Q

Trimethroprim-Sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) is an example of:

A

Sulfonamide
Effects: Crystalluria, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and anemia

58
Q

Sulfonamides work by:

A

Inhibiting bacterial synthesis of folic acid

59
Q

What can occur while taking sulfonamides that necessitates drinking a lot of water?

A

Crystalluria

60
Q

Metronidazole (flagyl) and tinidazole (tindamax) are examples of:

A

Nitroimidazoles
Effects: disulfiram-like reactions, peripheral neuropathy, seizures, and tongue/tooth discoloration
Drug interactions: milk thistle

61
Q

Nitroimidazoles (Metronidazole(Flagyl) & Tinidazole(Tindamax) are often used to treat:

A

H. pylori and c. diff

62
Q
A

Nursing Pharmacology (40 decks)

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