Antibacterials Flashcards
Inhibits bacterial growth
Bacteriostatic
Bacteria killing
Bactericidal
A disease-producing microorganism
Pathogen
Substances that inhibit bacterial growth or kill bacteria and other microorganisms
Antimicrobials
Resistance caused by prior exposure to an antibacterial
Acquired resistance
Microscopic organisms that include viruses, fungi, protozoa, and rickettsiae
Microorganisms
Antibody proteins such as IgG and IgM
Immunoglobulins
Bacterial resistance that results naturally
Inherent resistance
Crystals in the urine
Crystalluria
Infections acquired while patients are in the hospital
Health-care acquired infection (nosocomial infection)
Antibiotics that are effective against one type of organism
Narrow-spectrum antibiotics
A new infection in a patient with preexisting infection
Superinfection
Kidney toxicity
Nephrotoxicity
Ear poisoning that results from exposure to drugs or chemicals that damage the inner ear or the vestibulocochlear nerve
Ototoxicity
A skin reaction caused by exposure to sunlight
Photosensitivity
Amount of antibacterial drug needed to stop growth of a microorganism
Minimum Effective Concentration (MEC)
Factors that influence the body’s ability to fight infection include:
Age, nutrition, antibodies, circulation, WBCs, and organ function.
What type of test should be ordered before antibiotics are administered?
Culture & Sensitivity
List contributions to antibiotic resistance.
Taking antibiotics for viral infections. Taking antibiotics incorrectly (skipping doses).
Resistance that can occur between antibacterial drugs that have similar actions.
Cross resistance
True or False: Broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs can be used to treat infections before culture and sensitivity results are received.
True
Penicillin works by:
Inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis
Penicillin G and Penicillin VK are examples of what?
Basic penicillins
Amoxicillin and ampicillin are examples of what?
Broad-spectrum penicillins
True or False: Broad-spectrum penicillins are resistant to penicillinase.
False
Dicloxacillin, nafcillin, and oxacillin are examples of:
Penicillinase-resistant penicillins
Piperacillin-tazobactam (Zosyn) is an example of:
Extended-spectrum penicillin
Clavulanic acid, sulbactam, and tazobactam are examples of:
Beta-lactamase inhibitors
True or False: Beta-lactamase inhibitors can be used alone or in combination with other drugs to treat bacterial infections.
False, always given with another drug
Clavulanic acid and amoxicillin make:
Augmentin
Side effects/adverse reactions to Penicillins include:
Hypersensitivity, anaphylaxis, superinfection, tongue discoloration, stomatitis, GI distress, C. diff.
True or False: Like penicillin, cephalosporins have a beta-lactam structure.
True
True or False: Each generation of Cephalosporins are effective against a broader spectrum of bacteria and have an increased ability to cross the BBB.
True
What should you do if you have a patient that has a cephalosporin ordered who has had a mild allergic reaction to penicillin in the past?
Administer under close supervision.
Side effects/adverse reactions of cephalosporins include:
Anaphylaxis, superinfection, headache, dysgeusia, GI distress, C. diff, increased bleeding, seizures, nephrotoxicity, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and elevated hepatic enzymes.
True or False: It is ok for patients to drink alcohol while taking a cephalosporin.
False
Azithromycin, erythromycin, and clarithromycin are examples of:
Macrolides
Macrolides work by:
Inhibiting protein synthesis
Which macrolide is the drug of choice when someone can’t take penicillin?
Erythromycin
What can result from taking a macrolide with tylenol?
Hepatotoxicity
Macrolides can increase the levels of which drugs?
Warfarin, theophylline, and carbamazepine.
Linezolid (Zyvox) and tidezolid are examples of:
Oxazolidinones
Use: MRSA, VREF, sepsis
Effects: Anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia
Clindamycin and lincomycin are examples of:
Lincosamides
Effects: pancytopenia, xerosis, glossitis
Vancomycin is an example of:
Glycopeptide
What reaction can occur when vanco is infused too rapidly?
Red man syndrome
Telithromycin is an example of:
Ketolide
Doxycycline and Minocycline are examples of:
Tetracyclines
True or False: Tetracycline is commonly used in small children.
False, it can cause permanent discoloration of developing teeth.
Drug-food interactions of Tetracyclines include:
Milk, antacids, oral contraceptives, penicillin, aminoglycosides.
Tigecycline is an example of:
Glycylcycline
Effects: photosensitivity, hyperglycemia, and hypokalemia
Gentamicin and neomycin are examples of:
Aminoglycosides
Effects: ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and neurotoxicity
The peak and trough levels for gentamicin are
Peak = 5-8 mcg/mL
Trough = <1-2 mcg/mL
Serious adverse reactions to aminoglycosides include:
Ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity
Ciprofloxacin (Cipro) and levofloxacin (Levaquin) are examples of:
Fluoroquinolones
Used: anthrax, infections of the skin, tissues, joints, bones, resp tract
Effects: nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, tendinitis, tendon rupture, exacerbation of myasthenia gravis, and peripheral neuropathy
True or False: Fluoroquinolones decrease the effect of oral diabetic medication.
False, they increase the effects
Daptomycin is an example of:
Lipopeptide
Effects: chest pain, hyper/hypotension, hyper/hypokalemia, hyper/hypoglycemia, and rhabdomyolysis
Trimethroprim-Sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) is an example of:
Sulfonamide
Effects: Crystalluria, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and anemia
Sulfonamides work by:
Inhibiting bacterial synthesis of folic acid
What can occur while taking sulfonamides that necessitates drinking a lot of water?
Crystalluria
Metronidazole (flagyl) and tinidazole (tindamax) are examples of:
Nitroimidazoles
Effects: disulfiram-like reactions, peripheral neuropathy, seizures, and tongue/tooth discoloration
Drug interactions: milk thistle
Nitroimidazoles (Metronidazole(Flagyl) & Tinidazole(Tindamax) are often used to treat:
H. pylori and c. diff
