FFP: VACANTS

Question 1

During the initial stages of an operation at a vacant building, the Incident Commander (IC), who may be the first arriving officer, may have to determine the initial attack strategy (i.e., whether to implement an interior or exterior attack) until the arrival of a higher-ranking member. In order to make this determination, a risk assessment must be performed, bearing in mind that the highest priorities are _______.

A) members safety and the life hazard.

B) any known life hazard and water accessibility.

C) size and location of the fire.

D) verification of safe access to fire area and members safety.

Answer 1

ANSWER: A) members safety and the life hazard.

Vacants 5.1

Question 2

As compared to occupied buildings, fire operations in vacant buildings pose an increased level of risk to FFs. Members must consider that vacant structures may be weakened and unstable because of age, neglect, vandalism, and exposure to weather. Which point listed below is incorrect?

A) A vacant building is defined as a structure that is completely unoccupied, where the owner has abandoned all efforts to maintain the building. These buildings are typically open, unguarded, lack operating utilities and are not and are not maintained in a safe condition.

B) A partially occupied building may have occupants remaining in certain portions of the building, while other sections have been abandoned. This should be considered a vacant building.

C) A temporarily unoccupied building may be well maintained while unrented, for sale or under renovation. Many PDs and Commercial occupancies (retail stores) fall into this category.

D) In order to distinguish between building categories during size-up and define a building as “vacant”, members must attempt to determine whether a building is occupied and assess the building’s current condition and degree of maintenance.

Answer 2

ANSWER: B) A partially occupied building may have occupants remaining in certain portions of the building, while other sections have been abandoned. This should be considered a vacant building. (INCORRECT)

(FFP - VACANTS 2.1)

• Consider this an OCCUPIED BUILDING

Question 3

During a recent day tour, members of E99 were doing BISP and looking at a vacant building in their administrative area. The Officer ordered his members to mark the building since there were holes in the roof and floors and it appeared that the building had not been maintained for years. Each member of E99 made a point about marking vacant buildings. Which point is incorrect?

A) Vacant building markings shall be spray painted using lime-yellow reflective paint. The size of the square shall be approximately 18” x 18” and the lines shall be 2” wide.

B) Primary markings shall be made alongside the front entrance of the building at a height that is in line with the area directly over the front entrance. Markings should be high enough to ensure visibility. To achieve this height, a ladder may be required.

C) The letters “RO” (roof open) shall be made directly over the vacant building markings in cases when a roof is opened to the degree that there is little need for future vertical ventilation.

D) The letters “FO” (floor openings) shall be made directly over the vacant building markings and next to the letters “RO” in cases when members determine that floors within the building have holes or openings that may endanger members.

Answer 3

ANSWER: D) The letters “FO” (floor openings) shall be made directly over the vacant building markings and next to the letters “RO” in cases when members determine that floors within the building have holes or openings that may endanger members. (INCORRECT)

(FFP - VACANTS 3.1)

• “FO” - directly UNDERNEATH vacant building markings
• “RO” - directly OVER vacant building markings
• Do not mark sealed doors or windows. The structure should be marked at locations that are likely to remain undisturbed.
• Note: LIME YELLOW PAINT (NOT GREEN)

Question 4

Lt. Beck is working a day tour in L100 and is out getting the meal with his unit. As they are returning to the firehouse they notice a PD that appears vacant. Upon closer inspection, members note that there are holes in the roof, the grass is overgrown, and the building is open and unguarded. Members ask Lt. Beck if they can mark the building as a vacant. Lt. Beck tells his members that this PD is not in L100’s administrative area, and that it is in L101’s administrative area. In this situation, Lt. Beck would be correct to take which action below?

A) Tell his members that they can mark the building as a vacant building. As soon as possible, Lt. Beck must notify the Officer on duty from L101 that the building has been marked as a vacant.

B) Lt. Beck should tell his members that they can’t mark the building as a vacant building since it is not in their administrative area. As soon as possible, Lt. Beck should notify the Officer on duty from L101 about the vacant so that they can come to mark the vacant building.

Answer 4

ANSWER: A) Tell his members that they can mark the building as a vacant building. As soon as possible, Lt. Beck must notify the Officer on duty from L101 that the building has been marked as a vacant.

(FFP - VACANT 3.1)

• Ensure that all vacant buildings in their administrative districts are entered into the eCIDS program.
• Forward a memo to all units and administrative Battalion and Division within the first-alarm area, conveying relevant information.
• When appropriate, forward a Department of Buildings (DOB) Referral Report - Normal Priority to DOB citing “Building Vacant, Open and Unguarded.”
• When appropriate, forward a High Priority DOB Referral Report citing “Structural Stability Affected” if there are structural integrity issues, noting specific building conditions.

Question 5

When performing size-up, it is important to remember that the challenges and hazards at vacant building fires are substantially different as compared to occupied buildings. As such, members should initially consider four broad size-up concerns. Of the four concerns, which is the most important?

A) Member safety

B) Structural Stability

C) Protection of Life

D) Extension to Exposures

Answer 5

ANSWER: C) Protection of Life

(FFP - VACANTS 4.1)

• Protection of Life is the most important concern during the SIZE-UP PROCESS
• Member Safety is the highest priority during the RISK ASSESSMENT PROCESS

Question 6

The construction characteristics of a vacant building must be assessed in order to evaluate the current condition and stability of the structure. Which point about this assessment is not entirely correct?

A) Members should consider the degree of maintenance of the building such as signs of abandonment, lack of maintenance, and deterioration due to age and weather.

B) Members should look at the condition of the building and look for indicators of collapse dangers such as plaster walls with diagonal cracks, cracks between the ceiling and the walls, and evidence of beams pulling away from the bearing walls.

C) Look for signs of previous fires such as overhaul debris, sections of floors, roofs and interior walls that are burnt away or missing, and charred or blackened structural members.

D) Members should observe whether the building is sealed or unsealed. Sealed buildings are more likely to be structurally unstable than an unsealed building. Sealed buildings also present a higher probability of fire extension to the exposures.

Answer 6

ANSWER: D) Members should observe whether the building is sealed or unsealed. Sealed buildings are more likely to be structurally unstable than an unsealed building. Sealed buildings also present a higher probability of fire extension to the exposures. (INCORRECT)

(FFP - VACANTS 4.2)

• UNSEALED BUILDINGS are more likely to be
  structurally unstable than SEALED BUILDINGS for a variety of reasons, such as exposure to weather, access by vandals, etc.
• UNSEALED also present a higher probability of fire extension to exposures.
• On the other hand, SEALED buildings restrict egress for firefighters, making search operations extremely risky.

Question 7

As members of L100 were completing overhaul after a fire in a vacant “H” type building, they started talking to the Marshal about arson fires in vacant buildings. The Marshal made four points and was incorrect in which?

A) Gasoline may be used as an accelerant since these fires will begin and progress very rapidly. Gasoline fires tend to ignite more combustible material in the fire area than diesel fuel fires and increase the severity of the fire.

B) Separate fires may be intentionally set within a building. One fire will be set on the top floor and another on a lower floor. A top floor fire may attract the initial attack and as members are advancing above, an undetected fire on a lower floor may suddenly flare up.

C) Large accumulations of rubbish and discarded furniture may be positioned and doused with an accelerant in order to create a rapidly expanding fire that extends through the building.

D) Heavy furniture may be used to block the entrance of a building or apartment. Members must use caution as blocked access and egress points could entrap members.

Answer 7

ANSWER: A) Gasoline may be used as an accelerant since these fires will begin and progress very rapidly. Gasoline fires tend to ignite more combustible material in the fire area than diesel fuel fires and increase the severity of the fire. (INCORRECT)

(FFP - VACANTS 4.3)

• DIESEL FUEL may be used as an accelerant. These fires begin SLOWLY but progress rapidly as vapor production intensifies.
• When encountering diesel fires, high heat will be present for a longer duration than similar fires involving gasoline (which ignites rapidly and is consumed more quickly).
• While both types of accelerants will produce intense conditions, diesel fires will ignite more of the combustible materials in the fire area and increase the severity of the fire.

Question 8

Lt. O’Reilly is working a 6x9 tour in E99 and has just arrived 1st due to a fire in a vacant PD. The fire building is 2 1/2 stories with a cellar, 20’ x 50’ and of Class 4 construction. There is fire on all floors except the cellar. The CIDS for the building says there are holes in the floors and to use extreme caution. Exposure 2 is a similar detached PD and Exposure 4 is a 2 story Commercial building that is a paper warehouse. The fire is wind impacted and has extended into Exposure 4. The fire is also starting to melt the siding on Exposure 2 but has not extended to the building yet. There are numerous people in exposure 2. Exposure 4 is locked up tight and there doesn’t appear to be any people in the building. In this situation, Lt. O’Reilly would be correct to order the 1st hoseline stretched to where?

A) Order the 1st line to enter the fire building to knock down the fire

B) Order the 1st line to be stretched to protect people in Exposure 2.

C) Order the 1st line to be stretched to Exposure 4 since the fire has already extended into that building.

D) Wait for the arrival of a Chief Officer and have the members hook up to a hydrant and take a defensive position.

Answer 8

ANSWER: B) Order the 1st line to be stretched to protect people in Exposure 2.

(FFP - VACANTS 5.2)

• At large or advanced fires, the primary attack strategy should consist of a defensive exterior attack and should focus on the protection of exposures.
• The IC may vary from this guideline in critical situations involving LIFE HAZARDS.
• When a vacant building is heavily involved on arrival, hose streams should be placed between the involved building and the most severe life exposure.
• For example, if a fully-involved vacant building fire is extending to both an unoccupied commercial building and also an occupied dwelling, then the first stream should be positioned to protect the people in the occupied dwelling, even if the commercial building is more exposed.

Question 9

Lt. Doyle is working a 6x9 tour in E99 when he arrives 1st due at a fully involved 2 story vacant PD fire. Exposure 2 is a Lexus dealership and Exposure 4 is a similar detached vacant PD. It is 0600 hours and the Lexus dealership is closed. There is no life hazard in the fire building or either exposure. The fire has extended to and has fully involved Exposure 4. The fire has also extended to the Lexus dealership. In this situation, Lt. Doyle would be correct to order the 1st line stretched to which positon?

A) Wait for the arrival of a Chief Officer and have the members hook up to a hydrant and take a defensive position.

B) Order the 1st line to enter the fire building to knock down the fire.

C) Order the 1st line stretched to extinguish the dealership building.

D) Order the 1st line to be stretched to extinguish the fire in Exposure 4.

Answer 9

ANSWER: C) Order the 1st line stretched to extinguish the dealership building.

(FFP - VACANTS 5.3)

• When life is not endangered in any exposure, the first stream should be positioned to protect the GREATEST AMOUNT OF PROPERTY.
• For example, if a vacant building fire is exposing another vacant structure and communicating at the same time, but less severely, to an unoccupied commercial building, the priority should be positioning the stream to protect the unoccupied commercial building.

Question 10

Roof operations at vacant building fires present greater risks than roof operations at occupied buildings. This is because of vacant building’s questionable roof support systems, the potential for rapidly expanding fires, and the falling hazards caused by pre-existing hole, roof openings and deteriorated parapet walls. Due to all of these hazards, members would be correct to know which point?

A) Members should not operate on the roof of a vacant building under any circumstances.

B) Members can only operate on the roof of a vacant building if there is a known life hazard.

C) Members can operate on the roof of a vacant building but must operate with due regard for safety.

D) Members can only operate on the roof of a vacant building if approval is given by a Chief Officer.

B)

Answer 10

ANSWER: C) Members can operate on the roof of a vacant building but must operate with due regard for safety.

(FFP - VACANTS 5.5)

Question 11

Members of E99 were discussing vacant buildings during a drill and made the following four points listed below. In which point were they mistaken?

A) The probability of encountering a life hazard in vacant buildings is extremely low as compared to occupied buildings; however members should consider the possibility of transient occupants being trapped inside vacant buildings.

B) Members must consider that prolonged exposure to the elements can exact a heavy toll on the stability of vacant buildings, creating a collapse hazard. Wooden structural members may be rotted from water damage.

C) Vacant residential fires tend to occur most frequently during the late night to early morning hours, peaking from 10 PM to 2 AM. At this time fires may go unnoticed for longer periods, lending to delayed reports.

D) Building height can also increase the potential for collapse in wood frame buildings. A 2 story wood frame building may be more collapse prone than a similar 3 or 4 wood floor frame building because shorter buildings are built with smaller wood components.

Answer 11

ANSWER: D) Building height can also increase the potential for collapse in wood frame buildings. A 2 story wood frame building may be more collapse prone than a similar 3 or 4 wood floor frame building because shorter buildings are built with smaller wood components. (INCORRECT)

(FFP - VACANTS 4.2)

• A THREE (3) story wood-frame building may be MORE collapse prone than a similar TWO (2) story wood-frame building because of the increased dead load imposed on first-floor structural supports by the weight of the upper floors).

Question 12

E99 and L100 are enroute to a report of an “alarm ringing” in a PD. Upon arrival E99 transmits a 10-75 for a fire on the 1st floor (rear) of a vacant 2 story PD. The building is all sealed up except for two windows in the rear on the 1st floor where fire is blowing out. The Ladder Officer would be most correct to take which action at this fire?

A) Immediately conduct a primary search on the fire floor to locate any possible squatters.

B) Conduct a primary search on the fire floor after conducting a proper size-up.

C) Conduct a primary search on the fire floor after all visible fire is knocked down and the IC has completed a size-up and risk assessment.

D) None of the above are correct

Answer 12

ANSWER: C) Conduct a primary search on the fire floor after all visible fire is knocked down and the IC has completed a size-up and risk assessment.

(FFP - VACANTS 5.3)

• Members may vary from this guideline when confronted with a KNOWN LIFE HAZARD.

Question 13

Member safety is the highest priority while conducting fire operations in vacant buildings. Which point below abut safety in vacant building operations is not correct?

A) Members should remember that a slower and more cautious risk assessment shall be performed when sizing-up vacant buildings.

B) Wood frame buildings often experience inward-outward or ninety-degree wall collapse, especially corner buildings and isolated (stand-alone) frame buildings.

C) A defensive exterior attack is the cornerstone of a safe operation at vacant building fires. This strategy is the most effective way of ensuring member’s safety.

D) When operating at vacant building fires, members should establish a collapse zone during the later stages of the fire since the building will be weakened at this point in the fire operation.

Answer 13

ANSWER: D) When operating at vacant building fires, members should establish a collapse zone during the later stages of the fire since the building will be weakened at this point in the fire operation. (INCORRECT)

(FFP - VACANTS 7.1)

Question 14

Lt. Johnson of L100 was giving a drill on operations at vacant building fires and made the following comments to his members:

1. When the stability of a stairway is in doubt, members should place an extension ladder over the stairway, ensuring that it is properly supported at both the top and bottom of the stairs. It is imperative that the header beams at the top of the staircase support the ladder.
2. Generally there is no need to VEIS from fire escapes, portable ladders or aerial ladders since we are not agressively searching for trapped occupants. Fire escapes on vacant buildings should never be used.
3. Members should form a habit of climbing stairs by placing the middle of their foot above the step riser and stepping as close to a supporting wall as possible. Placing downward pressure on the risers and climbing close to supporting stringers is the safest way to climb stairs because these areas are the most structurally stable areas of the staircase.

Which statement(s) is/are correct?

A) All statements are correct

B) Statements 1 and 3 are correct

C) Statements 2 and 3 are correct

D) Statements 1 and 2 are correct

E) All statements are incorrect

Answer 14

ANSWER: B) Statements 1 and 3 are correct

(FFP - VACANTS 6.2)

• Statement # 2 is INCORRECT
• Generally there is no need to VEIS from fire escapes, portable ladders or aerial ladders, since we are not aggressively searching for trapped occupants.
• The use of fire escapes should be AVOIDED.
• If you are to use a FE / use a Fire Department Ladder over a FE drop ladder / stand below fire escape balcony when lowering drop ladder to avoid injury / pay attention to rusted or loose areas of FE / feet as close as possible to supporting stringers.

Question 15

Vacant buildings have many potential hazards and some may even be “booby trapped.” Of the following choices which is correct?

A) Gasoline fires will ignite more of the combustible materials in the fire area and increase the severity of the fire.

B) Separate fires may be intentionally set within a building all at the same time.

C) Fires are always set in the front part of the building to add to the difficulty in fighting the fire.

D) When encountering diesel fires, high heat will be present for a longer duration than similar fires involving gasoline.

Answer 15

ANSWER: D) When encountering diesel fires, high heat will be present for a longer duration than similar fires involving gasoline.

(Vacants sec 4.3)

A - DIESEL FIRES will ignite more of the combustible materials in the fire area and increase the severity of the fire.

B - In some cases, such fires have been initiated using DELAYED IGNITION DEVICES.

C - Fires may be purposely set in the CENTER OR REAR of a building.

Question 16

During the initial stages of an vacant building operation, the IC, who may be the first- arriving officer, may have to determine the initial attack strategy (i.e., whether to implement an interior or exterior attack) until the arrival of a higher-ranking member. In order to make this determination, a risk assessment must be performed, bearing in mind that the highest priorities are _________________.

A) members’ safety and the life hazard.

B) members’ safety and exposure protection.

C) members’ safety and access to water.

D) members’ safety and apparatus positioning.

Answer 16

ANSWER: A) members’ safety and the life hazard.

Vacants sec 5.1

Question 17

You are an S/A Lt. working in Wood City, Brooklyn. Your first run is a phone alarm for fire in a vacant and on arrival, you find heavy fire venting from all floors of a four-story vacant frame in the middle of a row of 7 vacant frames. Which of the following line placement options is INCORRECT for the second line at this fire when the first line was stretched to exposure 2?

A) The second line was needed to back up the first and was stretched to exposure 2.

B) The second line was stretched to the fire building.

C) The second line was stretched through exposure 4 to operate in the rear yard.

D) The second line was stretched to exposure 4.

Answer 17

ANSWER: B) The second line was stretched to the fire building. (INCORRECT)

(FFP - Vacants 6.7 B)

If not needed to back up the first hose line, stretched to the opposite exposure or through an exposure to the rear yard.

Question 18

Lt Welch is drilling the members of a slashing Staten Island firehouse about the danger of vacant structures. He makes 4 statements and is correct in all except?

A) Primary markings shall be made alongside the front entrance of the building at a height that is in line with the area directly over the front entrance. Markings should be high enough to ensure visibility. To achieve this height, a ladder may be required.

B) The letters “FO” (floor openings) shall be made directly underneath vacant building markings in cases when members determine that floors within the building have holes or openings that may endanger members.

C) Any company may place vacant building markings using the prescribed format. As soon as possible thereafter, the supervising officer must notify the administrative company that the building has been marked and an eCIDS card was entered.

D) The letters “RO” (roof open) shall be made directly over the vacant building markings in cases when a roof is opened to the degree that there is little need for future vertical ventilation.

Answer 18

ANSWER: C) Any company may place vacant building markings using the prescribed format. As soon as possible thereafter, the supervising officer must notify the administrative company that the building has been marked and an eCIDS card was entered.

(Vacants Sec 3.1)

• Company officers from the ADMINISTRATiVE UNIT shall ensure that all vacant buildings in their administrative districts are entered into the eCIDS program.

Question 19

The letters “RO” (roof open) shall be made _________________ in cases when a roof is opened to the degree that there is little need for future vertical ventilation (e.g., the roof has been previously cut or burned away). The letters “FO” (floor openings) shall be made _________________ in cases when members determine that floors within the building have holes or openings that may endanger members.

A) directly over the vacant building markings; directly underneath vacant building markings

B) directly underneath the vacant building markings; directly over vacant building markings

C) above and to the side of the vacant building markings; below and to the side of vacant building markings

D) above and to the side of the vacant building markings; directly underneath vacant building markings

Answer 19

ANSWER: A) directly over the vacant building markings; directly underneath vacant building markings

(Vacants sec 3.1)

Question 20

While performing a size-up, it is important to remember that the challenges and hazards at vacant building fires are substantially different as compared to occupied buildings. As such, members should initially consider four broad size-up concerns. Which concern is listed correctly?

A) Member Safety is the most important concern during the size-up process.

B) Protection of Life is the highest priority during the risk-assessment process.

C) Structural Stability of vacant buildings is a serious concern during all phases of the size-up process.

D) Extension to Exposures is not a serious concern during fire operations. Instead, focus on the vacant building.

Answer 20

ANSWER: C) Structural Stability of vacant buildings is a serious concern during all phases of the size-up process.

(FFP - VACANTS 4.1)

A. Protection of Life is the most important concern during the size-up process.

B. Member Safety is the highest priority during the risk-assessment process.

D. Extension to Exposures is a serious concern during fire operations at vacant buildings.

Question 21

Captain Smith is conducting BISP with his unit when they discover a previously unreported vacant building in their administrative area. Captain Smith has his unit take the following actions. Which one is incorrect?

A) The building was marked with an 18”x18” square vacant building marking.

B) The primary building marking was placed directly over the front entrance of the building.

C) After discovering floor openings, the letters “FO” were made directly underneath the vacant building markings.

D) Captain Smith forwarded a memo to all units and the administrative Battalion and Division within the first-alarm area, conveying relevant information.

Answer 21

ANSWER: B) The primary building marking was placed directly over the front entrance of the building. (INCORRECT)

(Vacants 3.1)

B - The primary building marking was placed directly ALONGSIDE THE FRONT entrance of the building AT A HEIGHT THAT IS IN LINE WITH THE AREA DIRECTLY OVER THE FRONT ENTRANCE.

NOTE: “RO” (ROOF OPEN) SHALL BE MADE DIRECTLY OVER THE VACANT BUILDING MARKINGS IN CASES WHEN ROOF IS OPENED TO THE DEGREE THAT THERE IS LITTLE NEED FOR FUTURE VERTICAL VENTILATION.

Question 22

Two Bronx firefighters discussing vacant building tactics identified the advantages of In-Line-Pumping at these fires. In which choice below were they incorrect?

A) Fast water on the fire.

B) Water supply limited to supply line layout and hydrant supply potential.

C) Shorter and faster hand line stretches.

D) Lower engine pressures required.

Answer 22

ANSWER: B) Water supply limited to supply line layout and hydrant supply potential. (INCORRECT)

(Vacant 3.1.1 B)

• This is a DISADVANTAGE.

Advantages of In-Line Pumping “FEELS ECC”

F - Fast water on the fire.

E - Equipment on a pumper closer to the fire.

E - Exterior stream operation.

L - Lower engine pressures required.

S - Shorter and faster hand line stretches.

ECC in better position to observe operations and assist if necessary.

Question 23

While operating at an EMS run, the Engine Officer discovers conditions that could precipitate a collapse. After requesting the Battalion to the scene, the officer considered the guidelines under which the FDNY would shore a building. Which choice below is INCORRECT about shoring?

A) Shoring can be installed to permit a building to remain safe to occupy.

B) In buildings where there is no civilian life hazard, shoring will only be installed if it can be safely installed at minimal risk to members and where there is a substantial property risk that can be safeguarded by the shoring.

C) A vacant/unoccupied building will not be shored if there is any risk to members installing the shoring or the use of shoring is unlikely to improve the overall outcome.

D) If a building is going to be demolished, even after shoring, it will not be shored except to facilitate rescue operations or the safe evacuation of occupants.

Answer 23

ANSWER: C) A vacant/unoccupied building will not be shored if there is any risk to members installing the shoring or the use of shoring is unlikely to improve the overall outcome. (INCORRECT)

(FIREFIGHTING PROCEDURES – COLLAPSE 11.5)

• Vacant/unoccupied buildings will not be shored when there is SUBSTANTIAL RISK to members installing the shoring or the use of shoring is unlikely to SUBSTANTIALLY improve the overall outcome.

Question 24

Which of the following is INCORRECT regarding Operations during fires in vacant buildings?

A) Members shall not conduct searches on the floors above the fire until all visible fire has been knocked down and the IC has conducted a size up and risk assessment.

B) Primary searches should generally be conducted after all visible fire has been knocked down and the IC has completed a size-up and risk assessment.

C) Because of questionable roof support systems, the potential for rapidly expanding fires, and the falling hazards caused by pre-existing holes, roof openings, deteriorated parapet walls, etc, members shall not operate on the roof of these buildings.

D) When a vacant building is heavily involved in fire on arrival, hose streams should be placed between the involved building and the most severe life exposure.

Answer 24

ANSWER: C) Because of questionable roof support systems, the potential for rapidly expanding fires, and the falling hazards caused by pre-existing holes, roof openings, deteriorated parapet walls, etc, members shall not operate on the roof of these buildings. (INCORRECT)

(VACANT BUILDINGS 5.5)

• Members should operate with DUE REGARD FOR SAFETY. (Allowed to operate on vacant roof)

Question 25

Which of the following is most correct regarding the hazards posed to Firefighters by vacant buildings?

A) In general, abandoned warehouses and factories present an equal amount of danger to firefighters as residential buildings.

B) When operating at vacant commercial buildings, stock and porous materials that have absorbed water may cause materials to expand. This expansion may apply an axial force to load bearing walls or columns.

C) Conical soot stains above windows is a sign of previous fires.

D) Vacant residential fires tend to occur most frequently during the late night to early morning hours, peaking from 2 a.m. to 6 a.m.

Answer 25

ANSWER: C) Conical soot stains above windows is a sign of previous fires.

(Firefighting Procedures, Vacant Building Fires - 4.2)

A - In general, abandoned warehouses and factories present a GREATER danger to firefighters than residential buildings.

B - A LATERAL load. The expansion will be pushing on the side of the wall/column.

D - Between TEN AND TWO (10 p.m. and 2 a.m.)

Question 26

You are the first officer to arrive at a vacant building fire. As the IC you are correct to only consider which point below?

A) When determining the initial attack strategy (interior vs. exterior) the highest priorities in this risk assessment are the members’ safety and the life hazard.

B) Only minimal risk to the safety of members is acceptable when there is no possibility of saving life or property.

C) Primary searches should generally be conducted during the initial knock down of the fire.

D) When a building is heavily involved upon arrival, an exterior attack is called for. The initial consideration of the first stream is to protect the greatest amount of property.

Answer 26

ANSWER: A) When determining the initial attack strategy (interior vs. exterior) the highest priorities in this risk assessment are the members’ safety and the life hazard.

(Firefighting Procedures, Vacant Building Fires - 5.1)

B - NO RISK is acceptable when there is no possibility of saving life or property.

C - Primary searches should generally be conducted AFTER ALL VISIBLE FIRE HAS BEEN KNOCKED DOWN and the IC completed a size-up and risk assessment.

D - Between the fire building and the MOST SEVERE LIFE EXPOSURE. No life endangered, then the greatest amount of property.

Question 27

Which of the following engine companies did not operate contrary FDNY procedures at a vacant building fire

A) As first due, Engine 99 stretched a 1 ¾” hoseline into a vacant commercial building.

B) Engine 98 stretched a purely defensive hoseline to be operated from the exterior. This line was 1 ¾”.

C) Engine 100 was ordered to stretch a hoseline into exposure 2, to operate across a 10 foot alleyway into the fire building. This line was 1 ¾”.

D) When ordered into the original fire building for a “wash down” Engine 101’s officer ordered the members to apply the ½” outer-stream tip to the nozzle. This may reduce the amount of water weight added.

Answer 27

ANSWER: D) When ordered into the original fire building for a “wash down” Engine 101’s officer ordered the members to apply the ½” outer-stream tip to the nozzle. This may reduce the amount of water weight added.

(Firefighting Procedures, Vacant Building Fires)

A - Engines stretch lines consistent with FDNY ops for each particular building type - 2 1/2” for commercial

B - When using an exterior hose line from a purely DEFENSIVE position (i.e., when a unit does not expect to advance a hose line within the structure),
members should stretch a 2 ½” hoseline.

C - Considered a defensive position - 2 1/2”

NOTE: Question type, “not contrary to” means according to, they may try to trick you up using verbiage.

Question 28

When a vacant building is first identified, the administrative unit shall take which one of the following actions?

A) Forward a memo to the Battalion within the first alarm area and also to the administrative Battalion.

B) When appropriate, forward a normal priority DOB referral report if there are structural integrity issues.

C) When appropriate, forward a high priority DOB referral report citing “Building vacant, open and unguarded.”

D) Items discovered that are not in compliance with the fire code may be enforced with a VO or FDNY summons, or referred to DOB via the appropriate referral report.

Answer 28

ANSWER: A) Forward a memo to the Battalion within the first alarm area and also to the administrative Battalion.

(Vacant Building Fires, Top pg. 3)

A - NOTE: Admin Bat may be different from 1st alarm Bat, BOTH shall get the memo.

B - High priority referral for structural integrity issues.

C - Normal priority referral citing “building vacant, open and unguarded”

D - Items discovered that are not in compliance with the fire code may be enforced with a VO or FDNY summons, or referred to FPOSU (Fire Prevention) via an A-8. Fire code is enforced by the FDNY not DOB.

Question 29

Which of the following ladder companies is the only one that operated according to proper FDNY policy at a vacant building fire?

A) As second due, the Ladder 100 officer assigned 2 members to search all floors above the fire.

B) When the stability of a stairway is in doubt, members should place a portable straight ladder over the stairway. It is imperative that the header beams at the top of the staircase support the ladder.

C) To the extent possible, fire escapes should be avoided.

D) Ladder company operations are generally devoted to ventilation and search.

Answer 29

ANSWER: C) To the extent possible, fire escapes should be avoided.

(Firefighting Procedures, Vacant Building Fires - 6.2 F)

A - Members shall not conduct searches on the floors above until all visible fire is knocked down and the IC completed a size-up and risk assessment.

NOTE: have 2 FFs search all floors below the fire has been removed from books 1/2020.

B - EXTENSION LADDER over stairway

D - Ladder company operations are generally devoted to FACILITATING ENGINE COMPANIES’ EFFORTS IN GETTING WATER ON THE FIRE.

Question 30

The Captain of Engine 300 was only correct in which one point below regarding FDNY operations at vacant building fires?

A) When ascending the stairs in a vacant building, place the middle of your foot above the step riser as close to the supporting wall as possible.

B) Members’ preferred access to ascend the fire escape will be via the drop ladder.

C) Members shall climb fire escape ladders with their feet near the stringers, in order to maximize step deflection.

D) Members should utilize spotlights to illuminate specific hazards on the exterior of the building, but not the interior as this would blind the interior force.

Answer 30

ANSWER: A) When ascending the stairs in a vacant building, place the middle of your foot above the step riser as close to the supporting wall as possible.

(Firefighting Procedures, Vacant Building Fires - 6.2)

A - Then it states: placing downward pressure on risers and climbing close to supporting stringers is the safest way to climb stairs.

B - Use of FDNY PORTABLE LADDER is preferred.

C - Feet near stringers to MINIMIZE step deflection. Deflection is bending.

D - Illuminate hazards on the INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR.

Question 31

Which of the following is not an accurate description of the general considerations at vacant building fires?

A) Protection of life is the most important concern during the size up process.

B) Member safety is the most important concern during the size up process.

C) Structural stability is a serious concern during all phases of the size-up process.

D) Extension to exposures is a serious concern during fire operations.

Answer 31

ANSWER: B) Member safety is the most important concern during the size up process. (INCORRECT)

(Firefighting Procedures, Vacant Building Fires, sec. 4.1)

• Member safety is the HIGHEST PRIORITY during the risk assessment process.
• The General Considerations “LESS”

L - Life (protection of)

E - Extension to exposures

S - Safety of members

S - Structural stability

Question 32

Which of the following would be defined as a vacant building according to the Vacant Building Fires Bulletin of the FDNY?

1) An unoccupied building that is sealed and well maintained.
2) A temporarily unoccupied building that is in good condition.
3) A partially unoccupied building, where the owner has abandoned all efforts to maintain the building.
4) A structure that is completely unoccupied, where the owner has abandoned all efforts to maintain the building.
5) A partially occupied building, where some sections have been abandoned.

A) 1,2,3,4 and 5.

B) 1, 4 and 5only.

C) 1 and 4 only.

D) 4 only.

Answer 32

ANSWER: D) 4 only.

(Vacant Building Fires, sec. 2.1)

Vacant - completely unoccupied AND owner has abandoned all efforts to maintain the building.

Question 33

What point below is most accurate regarding the Vacant Building Marking symbol used by the FDNY?

A) All vacant buildings shall be marked with the symbol.

B) The letters “FO” shall be made directly above the vacant building marking. These letters indicate that floors within the building have holes or openings that may endanger members.

C) Only administrative companies shall make these markings. If a deserving building lacking a marking is discovered by another unit, they shall telephone the particulars to the admin company.

D) Any unit discovering a vacant building lacking a marking, shall mark it and enter it into the eCIDS program.

Answer 33

ANSWER: A) All vacant buildings shall be marked with the symbol.

(Firefighting Procedures, Vacant Building Fires, sec. 3.1)

B - “FO” Below the marking / “RO” Above.

C - Any company may place a marking. Then as soon as practical notify admin company. NOTE: shall be marked when first identified as vacant, including during BISP.

D - Any unit may mark it; however, only administrative unit will submit eCIDS.

Question 34

Two firefighters discussing safe operations during vacant building fires were able to identify which incorrect statement made earlier during the tour?

A) Members should be reminded that a slower, more cautious risk assessment shall be performed when sizing-up vacant buildings.

B) When operating at vacant building fires, members should establish a collapse zone during the early stages of fire operations and the IC shall ensure that the ICP is outside of the collapse zone.

C) An aggressive interior attack is the cornerstone of a safe operation at vacant building fires. This strategy is the most effective way of ensuring members’ safety.

D) Members should use available lighting equipment to illuminate the fireground surrounding the fire building.

Answer 34

ANSWER: C) An aggressive interior attack is the cornerstone of a safe operation at vacant building fires. This strategy is the most effective way of ensuring members’ safety. (INCORRECT)

(Vacant 7.1)

• A DEFENSIVE EXTERIOR ATTACK is the cornerstone of a safe operation at vacant building fires. This strategy is the most effective way of ensuring members’ safety.

Question 35

Operating at a vacant building fire poses a significant risk to members. Which tactic below is not in accordance with Department policy?

A) Members should form a habit of climbing stairs by placing the middle of their foot above the step riser and stepping as close to a supporting wall as possible.

B) When the stability of a stairway is in doubt, members should place an extension ladder over the stairway, ensuring that it is properly supported at both the top and bottom of the stairs.

C) One method, often used for climbing “U”-return stairs with cracked or broken marble landings, is to hug the newel post while stepping around the marble landing to the stair riser on the floor above. When using this tactic, members should step up from the riser on the lower staircase to the riser on the upper staircase without placing any weight on the landing itself.

D) Once an interior risk assessment has been completed, 1 ¾” hose lines may be advanced within the fire building to complete final extinguishment. During “wash down” operations, the ½” outer-stream tip shall be removed as the restriction in flow will not allow adequate wash down.

Answer 35

ANSWER: D) Once an interior risk assessment has been completed, 1 ¾” hose lines may be advanced within the fire building to complete final extinguishment. During “wash down” operations, the ½” outer-stream tip shall be removed as the restriction in flow will not allow adequate wash down. (INCORRECT)

(Vacant 6.2 C, F 1st bullet)

• Once an interior risk assessment has been completed, 1 ¾” hose lines may be advanced within the fire building to complete final extinguishment. During “wash down” operations, the ½” outer-stream tip MAY BE APPROPRIATE in order to reduce the amount of water weight (live load) added within the structure.

A Note: Placing downward pressure on risers and climbing close to supporting stringers is the safest way to climb stairs because these areas are the most structurally stable areas of the staircase. Such tactics will increase members’ safety by reducing the chances of step or landing failure.

B Note: It is imperative that the header beams at the top of the staircase support the ladder. If the ladder is not supported at its tip, it will fall with a collapsing stairway causing severe injuries to members. The bottom of the ladder must also be secure on the floor below so that the base of the ladder does not slip out when members’ weight is applied.

Question 36

Which of the following choices contains incorrect information regarding fire operations in vacant buildings?

A) Operating on the floors above an uncontrolled fire in a vacant building presents greater risks than floor-above operations in occupied buildings.

B) When operating at a vacant building fire, under no circumstances shall members conduct searches on the floors above the fire until all visible fire has been knocked down and the IC has conducted a size-up and risk assessment.

C) When a vacant building is heavily involved on arrival, hose streams should be placed between the involved building and the most severe life exposure.

D) When life is not endangered in any exposure, the first stream should be positioned to protect the greatest amount of property.

Answer 36

ANSWER: B) When operating at a vacant building fire, under no circumstances shall members conduct searches on the floors above the fire until all visible fire has been knocked down and the IC has conducted a size-up and risk assessment.

(Vacant 5.2, 5.4)

• When operating at a vacant building fire, members shall not conduct searches on the floors above the fire until all visible fire has been knocked down and the IC has conducted a size-up and risk assessment; however, members MAY VARY from this guideline when confronted with a KNOWN LIFE HAZARD.

Question 37

Initial tactics at vacant building fires usually emphasize Engine Company operations because of an adapted slower, more cautious operation and a decreased emphasis on ventilation, entry, isolation, and search. Engine Companies should apply each of the following general tactics, except those found in which choice?

A) Due to heavy reliance on defensive operations at vacant building fires, all hose lines stretched should be considered 2 1/2” regardless of building type or occupancy.

B) Engine Companies shall be alert to the need for a 3 ½” hose line to supply a Tower Ladder, when consistent with operational needs. Whenever possible, a separate Engine shall be dedicated to the sole task of supplying water to a Tower Ladder.

C) Engine Companies may be ordered to stretch 2 ½” hose lines to exposures in order to operate exterior hose streams. Hoselines used from this defensive position shall be 2 ½” because of the need for increased reach and water flow.

D) To the extent that an IC’s size-up and risk assessment allow for an interior “wash down,” hose lines may be advanced within the fire building after a fire has been largely extinguished from the exterior and exterior streams have been shut down. Before committing members, however, the interior of the building shall be surveyed by a Chief Officer in order to assess its structural stability.

Answer 37

ANSWER: A) Due to heavy reliance on defensive operations at vacant building fires, all hose lines stretched should be considered 2 1/2” regardless of building type or occupancy. (INCORRECT)

(Vacant 6.1 A, B, E, F)

• Members should stretch hose lines CONSISTENT with Department policies for EACH BUILDING TYPE (e.g., stretch a 1 ¾” hose line for a fire in a vacant rowframe building).

Question 38

Primary markings made by FD units indicate hazardous conditions in vacant buildings. Which description below regarding how these markings are made is incorrect?

A) Markings shall be spray painted using lime-yellow reflective paint.

B) Square to be approximately 8” x 8”.

C) Lines to be 2” wide.

D) Primary markings shall be made alongside the front entrance of the building at a height that is in line with the area directly over the front entrance.

Answer 38

ANSWER: B) Square to be approximately 8” x 8”. (INCORRECT)

(Vacants 3.1)

• Square to be approximately EIGHTEEN x EIGHTEEN INCHES (18” x 18”)

Question 39

According to Vacant Buildings, which of the following is CORRECT regarding marking these buildings?

A) Primary markings shall be made alongside the front entrance of the building at a height that is in line with the front entrance.

B) Permanently sealed doors and windows are sufficient locations to place additional markings.

C) The Letters FO shall be made alongside vacant building markings when members determine that floors within the building have holes or openings that may endanger members.

D) The Letters RO shall be made directly over the vacant building markings in cases where the roof is opened to a degree that there is little need for future vertical ventilation.

Answer 39

ANSWER: D) The Letters RO shall be made directly over the vacant building markings in cases where the roof is opened to a degree that there is little need for future vertical ventilation.

(VACANT BUILDINGS - 3.1)

A – Alongside the front entrance at a height that is in line with the area DIRECTLY ABOVE the front entrance. (3.1)

B – DO NOT MARK sealed door or windows. The structure should be marked at locations that are likely to remain undisturbed. (3.1)

C – Directly UNDERNEATH vacant building markings. (3.1)

Question 40

Engine companies will arrive at a medium fire condition in a vacant 1 story 50x100 taxpayer subdivided into four stores. Which Engine Company tactic is INCORRECT according to Firefighting Procedures Vacant Buildings?

A) The members of the Engine 1 stretched a 1¾” hand line to the fire store.

B) Engine 2 was dedicated to the task of supplying water to a Tower Ladder in order to ensure proper water delivery.

C) Engine 3, operating from a purely defensive position stretched a 2½” line to the front of an exposure.

D) Following an exterior attack and interior risk assessment, Engine 4 advanced a 1¾” hand line into the fire building to complete final extinguishment.

Answer 40

ANSWER: A) The members of the Engine 1 stretched a 1¾” hand line to the fire store. (INCORRECT)

(FFP – VACANTS 6.1 F)

A IS INCORRECT – Members should stretch hose line consistent with deptartment policies for each building type – 6.1A medium or heavy fire in a taxpayer requires 2 ½ hose. (TXPR 7.12)

B – 6.1B

C – 6.1C

D – 6.1F

Question 41

Units are operating at an advanced fire in a vacant building. The Captain of the first arriving engine should know which one of the following statements is incorrect?

A) At large or advanced fires the primary attack strategy should consist of a defensive exterior attack and should focus on the protection of exposures.

B) When life is not endangered in any exposure, the first stream should be positioned to protect the greatest amount of property.

C) When possible, units should take a position that not only protects exposures, but also enables the stream to be used on the main body of fire.

D) When a vacant building is heavily involved on arrival, hose streams should be placed between the involved building and the most severe fire exposure.

Answer 41

ANSWER: D) When a vacant building is heavily involved on arrival, hose streams should be placed between the involved building and the most severe fire exposure. (INCORRECT)

(Vacants 5.2)

• When a vacant building is heavily involved on arrival, hose streams should be placed between the involved building and the most severe LIFE exposure.

Question 42

During the initial stages of an operation at a vacant building, the IC, who may be the first arriving officer, may have to determine the initial attack strategy (whether to implement an interior or exterior attack. A Captain should know which additional point mentioned below regarding vacant building operations is incorrect?

A) Depending on the IC’s risk assessment, it may be appropriate to implement an interior attack at a vacant building fire in order to quickly extinguish an incipient fire and protect exposures.

B) When calculating the risk versus reward, the IC must keep significant risk to members limited to potential life-saving situations.

C) Moderate risk to the safety of members is acceptable when there is no possibility of saving life or property.

D) At large or advanced fires, the primary attack strategy should consist of a defensive exterior attack and should focus on the protection of exposures. The IC may vary from this guideline in critical situations involving life hazards.

Answer 42

ANSWER: C) Moderate risk to the safety of members is acceptable when there is no possibility of saving life or property. (INCORRECT)

(Vacants 5.1, 5.2)

• NO RISK to the safety of members is acceptable when there is no possibility of saving life or property.

Question 43

When operating at vacant building fires arson is a major concern. The possibility of accelerants being used could create a heavy volume of fire on multiple floors within a short period of time. A Captain reviewing arson in vacant building fires with his members was incorrect in which one statement below?

A) Diesel fuel may be used as an accelerant. These fires begin slowly but progress rapidly as vapor production intensifies.

B) Diesel fires will ignite more of the combustible materials in the fire area and increase the severity of the fire.

C) Gasoline ignites more rapidly than diesel.

D) When encountering gasoline fires, high heat will be present for a longer duration than similar fires involving diesel.

Answer 43

ANSWER: D) When encountering gasoline fires, high heat will be present for a longer duration than similar fires involving diesel. (INCORRECT)

(Vacants 4.3)

• When encountering DIESEL fires, high heat will be present for a longer duration than similar fires involving GASOLINE.

Question 44

Several engine company tactics at vacant buildings are mentioned below. A Captain should know that which one is incorrect?

A) When using an exterior hose line from a purely defensive position (i.e., when a unit does not expect to advance a hose line within the structure), members should stretch a 2 1/2” hose line.

B) Engine companies may be ordered to stretch 2 1/2” hose lines to exposures in order to operate exterior hose streams

C) Before committing members for an interior washdown, the interior of the building shall be surveyed by the engine company officer in order to assess the structural stability.

D) Once an interior risk assessment has been completed, 1 3/4” hose lines may be advanced within the fire building to complete final extinguishment.

Answer 44

ANSWER: C) Before committing members for an interior washdown, the interior of the building shall be surveyed by the engine company officer in order to assess the structural stability. (INCORRECT)

(Vacants 6.1 C, E, F)

• Before committing members for an interior washdown, the interior of the building shall be surveyed by A CHIEF OFFICER in order to assess the structural stability.

Question 45

First alarm units arrive at a fire in a vacant row frame building. When determining the initial attack strategy, it would be correct for first arriving officer to think?

A) Significant risk to members must never be taken at vacant building fires.

B) Risk to the safety of members should be minimized when there is no possibility of saving life or property

C) At large or advanced fires, the primary attack strategy should consist of a defensive exterior attack and should focus on the protection of exposures

D) When a vacant building is heavily involved on arrival, the first consideration is for hose streams to be placed to protect the greatest amount of property

Answer 45

ANSWER: C) At large or advanced fires, the primary attack strategy should consist of a defensive exterior attack and should focus on the protection of exposures.

(FFP — Vacants — 5.1)

A - Keep significant risk to members limited to potential LIFE SAVING situations.

B - NO RISK to the safety of members is acceptable when there is no possibility of saving life or
property.

D - Between involved building and greatest LIFE exposure.

Question 46

Which of the following choices contains correct information regarding vacant building markings?

A) Markings shall be spray painted using lime-green reflective paint.

B) The size of the square shall be approximately 8” x 8”.

C) Marking lines shall be 18” wide.

D) Primary markings shall be made alongside the front entrance of the building at a height that is in line with the area directly over the front entrance.

Answer 46

ANSWER: D) Primary markings shall be made alongside the front entrance of the building at a height that is in line with the area directly over the front entrance.

(Vacant 3.1)

D Note: Markings should be high enough to ensure visibility. To achieve this height, a ladder may be required.

A - Markings shall be spray painted using lime-YELLOW reflective paint.

B - Size of square shall be approximately 18” x 18”.

C - Marking lines shall be 2” wide.

Question 47

At a vacant building fire, performing a risk assessment in anticipation of interior operations, the IC must weigh the risk versus reward (in terms of the risk to members’ safety versus the potential for civilian life hazard) based on each of the following factors except?

A) Size of the building.

B) Location of the fire within the structure.

C) Structural stability of the building.

D) Safe access to the fire area.

Answer 47

ANSWER: A) Size of the building. (INCORRECT)

(Vacant 5.1)

• Size and intensity of the FIRE.

Question 48

While 10-8, Ladder 199 received a run for a water condition in what turned out to be a vacant building in their response district on Lewis Avenue in Engine 299’s administrative district. Which action taken by 199’s Officer was CORRECT?

A) The officer from Ladder 199 had the members mark the building using the prescribed format and notified the administrative company that the building was marked.

B) The Officer from Ladder 199 forwarded a memo to all first alarm units and the administrative Battalion and Division conveying relevant information.

C) The Officer from Ladder 199 entered the building into the ECIDS program.

D) Because the building was vacant and unguarded, Ladder 199’s officer had the officer of 299 forward a High Priority referral to DOB citing “Building Vacant, Open, and Unguarded.”

Answer 48

ANSWER: A) The officer from Ladder 199 had the members mark the building using the prescribed format and notified the administrative company that the building was marked.

(FFP – VACANT BUILDINGS - 3.1)

B – The administrative unit does this.

C – The administrative unit does this.

D – Not a high priority referral – a DOB Referral to DOB citing “building vacant, open, unguarded.”

Question 49

Vacant building marking procedures are correctly indicated in all statements below except in which choice?

A) Buildings shall be marked when first identified as vacant, including during BISP periods. Only the administrative company may place vacant building markings. If a company finds a vacant building out of their administrative area, no marking shall be placed; the administrative company shall be notified.

B) Markings shall be spray painted using lime-yellow reflective paint. The size of the square shall be approximately 18” x 18” and lines shall be 2” wide.

C) Primary markings shall be made alongside the front entrance of the building at a height that is in line with the area directly over the front entrance. To achieve this height, a ladder may be required.

D) The letters “RO” (roof open) shall be made directly over the vacant building markings when a roof is opened to the degree that there is little need for future vertical ventilation. The letters “FO” (floor openings) shall be made directly underneath vacant building markings when members determine that floors within the building have holes or openings that may endanger members.

Answer 49

ANSWER: A) Buildings shall be marked when first identified as vacant, including during BISP periods. Only the administrative company may place vacant building markings. If a company finds a vacant building out of their administrative area, no marking shall be placed; the administrative company shall be notified.

(Vacant 3.1)

• Buildings shall be marked when first identified as vacant, including during BISP periods. ANY company may place vacant building markings using the prescribed format. As soon as possible thereafter, the supervising officer must notify the administrative company that the building has been marked.

Question 50

When arriving at an advanced fire in a vacant building, the only correct tactic used can be found in which choice?

A) The primary attack strategy should consist of an interior aggressive attack

B) When a vacant building is heavily involved on arrival, hose streams should be positioned to protect the greatest amount of property when one of the exposures is an occupied dwelling

C) When possible, units should take a position that not only protects exposures, but also enables the stream to be used on the main body of fire. In cases when it is impossible to confine the fire in this manner, the stream should be alternated from the fire to the exposure.

D) Companies may use 1 3/4” hoseline line as a purely defensive position (not expect to advance within building) depending on the building type i.e. Rowframe, Brownstone

Answer 50

ANSWER: C) When possible, units should take a position that not only protects exposures, but also enables the stream to be used on the main body of fire. In cases when it is impossible to confine the fire in this manner, the stream should be alternated from the fire to the exposure.

(Vacants sec 5.2)

A - The primary attack strategy should consist of an DEFENSIVE EXTERIOR ATTACK.

B - When a vacant building is heavily involved on arrival, hose streams should be placed between the involved building and the most severe LIFE exposure……….When life is not endangered in any exposure, the first hose streams should be positioned to protect the greatest amount of property

D - 2 1/2” for purely defensive position