Exam 8 Sexuality Flashcards
1
Q
Sexuality is
A
A critical component of human identity and well-being
The degree to which a person exhibits and experiences maleness or femaleness physically, emotionally, and mentally.
2
Q
Sex
A
Biological characteristics: male or female
Sexual activity
3
Q
Sexual health
A
The integration of the somatic, emotional, intellectual, and social aspects of sexual being, that are positively enriching and that enhance personality, communication, and love.
4
Q
Ethics
A
Nurses and clients attitudes differ.
All information is confidential and for use only in the medical record.
Every person has their own value system related to their sexuality
Do not invade clients privacy
Do not attempt to change the clients sexual attitudes and behaviors.
5
Q
Sexual rights
A
The right of all persons, free from coercion, discrimination, violence, to:
- Have the highest standard of sexual health, including access to sexual and reproductive health care services.
- Seek, receive, and impart information related to sexuality.
- Sexuality education.
- Respect for bodily integrity.
- Choose their partner.
- Decide to be sexually active or not.
- Consensual sexual relations.
- Consensual marriage.
- Decide when to have or not have children.
- Pursue a satisfying, safe and pleasurable sexual life.
6
Q
Biological sex
A
Denote chromosomal sexual development, external or internal genitalia, secondary sex characteristics and hormonal states.
7
Q
Gender identity
A
The inner sense a person has of being male or female.
8
Q
Gender role behavior
A
Behavior a person conveys about being male or female, which may or may not be the same as biological gender or gender identity.
9
Q
Sexual orientation
A
Refers to the preferred gender of the partner of an individual.
10
Q
Heterosexual
A
Experiences fulfillment with a person of the opposite gender.
11
Q
Homosexual
A
Experiences sexual fulfillment with a person of the same gender.
Homosexual males - gay
Homosexual females - lesbian.
12
Q
Bisexual
A
A person who finds pleasure with both sexes.
13
Q
Transsexual
A
A person of a certain biological gender who has the feelings of the opposite sex. The person feels trapped within the body of the wrong sex.
14
Q
Transvestite
A
Individual who desires to take on the role or wear the clothes of the opposite sex.
15
Q
Menarche
A
The first menstrual period (about 12 years of age).
16
Q
Menopause
A
The cessation of a woman’s menstrual activity.
17
Q
PMS premenstrual syndrome
A
Occurs in 50% to 90% of females.
Is characterized by: irritability, emotional tension, anxiety, mood changes, headache,breast tenderness, and water retention.
18
Q
Sexual dysfunction
A
Problem that prevents an individual or couple from engaging in or enjoying sexual intercourse and orgasm.
19
Q
Sexually transmitted infections (STI) or disease (STD), once called venereal disease,
A
Are infections spread primarily through sexual contact.
20
Q
Sexual response cycle is not limited to the genital organs but is a total body response that causes many physiologic changes through tout the body . The cycle has four phases.
A
- Excitement
- Plateau
- Orgasm
- Resolution
21
Q
Erogenous zone
A
Areas when stimulated causes sexual arousal and desire.
22
Q
Excitement phase
A
Initiated by erotic stimulation and arsoual
23
Q
Plateau phase
A
Intensity is greater than that of excitement but not enough to begin orgasm. Desire and arousal continue to build and intensify.
24
Q
Orgasm
A
Climax and sexual explosion of the tension that has been building over the preceding phases. It last only seconds.
25
Resolution phase
A return to normal body functions present before the excitement phase.
26
Masturbation
Technique of sexual expression in which an individual practices self-stimulation.
It is a way for a person to learn what he or she prefers.
27
Alternative forms of sexual expression
Voyeurism, sadism, masochism, sadomasochism, and pedophilia
28
Voyeursim
The achievement of sexual arousal by looking at the body of another.
29
Sadism
The practice of gaining sexual pleasure while inflicting abuse on another person.
30
Masochism
Gaining sexual pleasure from the humiliation of being abused.
31
Sadomasochism
The act of practicing sadism and masochism together.
32
Pedophilia
The practice of adults gaining sexual fulfillment by performing sexual acts with children.
33
Factors affecting sexuality
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Developmental considerations
Religion
Health management
Body image/self-concept
Roles/relationships
Cognition/perception
Culture
Values/morals
Coping/stress
Previous experience
Sexual knowledge
```
34
Infancy birth to 18 mo
Needs affection and tactile stimulation. Boys have penile erections, and girls have orgasmic potential. Gradually can differentiate self from others. Obtain pleasure from touching genitals. Dresses according to gender. Toys are gender related.
Nursing I/T guide
Avoid early weaning to prevent oral deprivation. Encourage parents to provide ample physical touch, deprivation of which may cause physical and mental underdevelopment. Self-manipulation of gentians is normal behavior; avoid saying this is bad.
Avoid confusion of sex by consistent use of male or female role reinforcement.
35
Toddler age 1-3years
Establishes control over bowels and bladder. Both sexes enjoy fondling genitals. Able to identify own gender. Develops vocabulary related to anatomy.
Nurse I/T guide
Allow toddler to designate his or her readiness to toilet training. Strict measures may lead to compulsive behaviors later. Punishment of genital fondling may lead to guilt and shame regarding sexual behavior later in life.
Use proper terms for body parts.
36
Preschooler age 4-6 years
By age 6, sexuality has been internalized and preference for sexual partners determined. Methods of play and dress are in accordance with gender. Enjoys exploring body parts of self and playmates. Engages in masturbation.
Nurse I/T guide
Parents may cause anxiety in the child by intolerance of inconsistency of sex-role behavior. Negative overreaction by parents of child 's masturbating behavior can lead to a belief that the genitals and sex are bad and dirty.
37
School-aged age 6-10 years
There is attachment to the parent of the opposite sex. Tendency toward having same-sex friends. Curiosity about sex and sharing fears. Increasing self-awareness.
NurseI/T guide
Same sex preference for relationships is not related to heterosexual of homosexual tendencies. Give child the information desired in a clear, factual form. May look to peers for information that may be incorrect.
38
Preadolescent age 10/13 years
Puberty begins for most boys and girls with development of secondary sex characteristics. Menarche takes place. May test behavior limits.
Nurse I/T Guide
Information is necessary regarding body changes to alleviate fears. This information should be given to the young person before pubertal changes begin. Parents need to find a satisfactory middle ground for role setting. Rules that are either too rigid or too lenient can interfere with the development of self-confidence and internal value system. Treat body image Changes with a positive attitude to prevent poor self-image.
39
Adolescence age 13-19 years
Begins to develop opposite sex relationships. Sexual fantasies are common. Masturbation is common. May begin to partake in sexual activity ranging from light to heavy petting to full genital intercourse. Girls concerned with reputations and self image.
Boys preoccupied with competitiveness of sexual activity. Incident of adolescent pregnancies is increasing.
Nurse I/T guide
Parents share their beliefs and moral value systems with their children. Teenagers may share their feelings with parents. Not taking them seriously may lead to lack of trust and communication gap. Teens need information regarding contraceptive measures and the potential for contracting sexually transmitted infections.
40
Young adulthood age 20-35 years
Premarital sex is common. Many choose cohabitation instead of marriage, most marry and begin families before age 30. Knowledge regarding sexual response and activity increase pleasure of relationship. May experiment with various sexual expressions. Develops own value system and respects values of other people. Many couples share financial responsibilities as well as household tasks.
Nurse I/T Guide
Encourage communication between partners regarding sexual needs and differences. Teach use of abstinence and contraceptive measures to prevent unwanted pregnancies. Counsel against promiscuous behavior to guard against sexually transmitted infections and loss of trust of partner. Daily communication is necessary to vent stresses and work out difficulties.
41
Adulthood age 35-55 years
Bodily changes as a result of menopause. Couples focus on quality rather than quantity of sexual experiences. Divorce is common. Grown children begin their own lives and sexual experiences. Sexual satisfaction may actually increase because of loss of fear of pregnancy.
Nurse I/T Guide
Both men and women need positive reinforcement of what is good about themselves and their relationships. Teach parents that empty nest syndrome (feelings of loss caused by children leaving) is common. Accentuate positive aspects of this situation. Encourage couple to use this period as one of renewal for themselves.
42
Late adulthood and elderly age 55 years and older
Orgasms may become shorter and less intense in both mean and women. Vaginal secretions decrease, and period of resolution in men lengthens. May feel need to conform to stereotypes regarding the aging process and cease sexual activity. Fear of loss of sexual abilities.
Nurse I/T Guide
Sexual activity need not be hindered by age. Teach couples that adaptation to bodily changes is possible with use of comfortable positions for intercourse and increased time for stimulation. Teach alternative to coitus, such as caressing, hugging, and stroking, when coitus is impossible because of illness or disability. Couples who have been consistently sexually active throughout their lives may continue their intimate relationship for as long as they desire.
43
Culture
The manner in which sexuality is perceived by a society. Every culture has its own norms regarding sexual identity and behavior.
44
Ethics
Healthy sexuality depends on freedom from guilt and anxiety. What one person believes is wrong might be perfectly natural and correct to another.
45
National Institute of Allergy and Infection Diseases (NIAID)
Understanding the basic facts about STI's the way I which they are spread, their common symptoms, and how they can be treated is the first step toward prevention.
46
NIAID recommends understanding at least five key points about all STI's in this country today:
1. STI's affect men and women of all backgrounds and economic levels. They are most prevalent among teenagers and young adults. Nearly 2/3 of all STIs occur in people younger than 25 years.
2. The incidence of STIs is rising, in part because in the last few decades, young people have become sexually active earlier yet are marrying later. In addition, divorce is more common. The net result is that sexually active people today are more likely to have multiple sex partners during their lives and are potentially at risk for developing STIs.
47
3. Most of the time STIs cause no symptoms, particularly in women. Symptoms may be confused with other diseases. A person infected may still be able to pass the disease on when no symptoms present. Recommend periodic testing for people who have multiple partners.
4. Health problems caused by STIs tend to be more severe in women than men. STIs can spread to uterus, and Fallopian tubes resulting in infertility and ectopic pregnancy. STIs may be associated with cervical cancer. STIs can be passed from mother to baby
5. When diagnosed and treated early can be treated effectively. Some are resistant to drugs causing the need for newer antibiotics.
48
Chlamydia
Found in the vagina, cervix, urethra, throaty, discharge from penis, and rectum.
Spread by oral, anal, and vaginal sex, mother to child.
Possible symptoms may not have early symptoms, burning or pain with urination, discharge from penis and vagina, chronic abdomen pain, pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility (mostly in females).
Prevention abstain from sex, faithful marriage or mutual monogamous relationship. Use condoms helps reduce risk, testing and treatment.
Treatment antibiotics
49
Gonorrhea
Found- vagina, cervix, uterus, urethra, throat, and rectum.
Spread- oral, anal, and vaginal sex, mother to child.
Symptoms/complications- males often have no symptoms, may have burning or pain with urination, females often have no symptoms, may have vaginal discharge, may lead to PID, or infertility.
Prevents- abstain from sex, faithful marriage or mutual monogamous relationship, condom use reduce but not eliminate risk, testing and treatment.
Treatment- antibiotics.
50
Syphilis
Found- genital area, mounts, skin, anus, and rectum.
Spread- oral, anal, and vaginal sex, contact with sores, mother to child.
Symptoms/complications- painless sore, untreated can spread to brain and/or heart, flu like symptoms, damage to major body systems if untreated, rash on infants skin, birth defects and other problems with organs or possible still birth.
Prevention- abstain from sex, mutual monogamous relationship, use condoms reduces risk but not eliminate, testing and treatment.
Treatment- antibiotics.
51
Trichomoniasis (parasite)
Found-Vagina, cervix, and urethra
Spread-vaginal sex
Symptoms/complications-vaginal discharge and itching, burning during urination, males may have no noticeable signs but can cause temporary irritation in penis, may cause early delivery and low birth weight in babies.
52
Erectile Dysfunction
the inability of a man to attain or maintain an erection to such an extent that he cannot have satisfactory intercourse.
53
Premature ejaculation
"Premature ejaculation is a condition in which a man consistently reaches ejaculation or orgasm before or soon after entering the vagina. "
54
Retarded ejaculation
"refers to a man’s inability to ejaculate into the vagina, or delayed intravaginal ejaculation.
55
Risk for altered Sexuality
Pregnancy, abortion, alteration in gender identity, environment, surgery (mastectomy, ostomy), illness, medications.
56
Medications that affect sexual function
amyl nitrates, anticonvulsants, antidepressants, antihistamines, anti-hypertensives, anti-psychotics, antispasmodics, barbiturates, and narcotics. recreational drugs cocaine, ethyl alcohol, and marijuana are used to heighten sexual experience.
57
Medical conditions affect sexual function
Chronic pain, Diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, myocardial infarction, diseases of joints/mobility, spinal cord injury. mental illness, cancer
58
Dyspareunia
painful intercourse
59
vaginismus
" a rare condition in which the vaginal opening closes tightly and prevents penile penetration."
60
Vulvodynia
"a chronic vulvar discomfort or pain characterized by burning, stinging, irritation, or rawness of the female genitalia that interferes with sexual activity, is particularly problematic because little is known about its cause or treatment"
61
Alterations in sexual health
Infertility, sexual abuse, personal/emotional conflicts, sexual dysfunction
62
Primary male sexual dysfunctions
erectile dysfunction, premature ejaculation, retarded ejaqculation
63
Female primary sexual dysfunction
inhibited sexual dysfunction, dyspareunia, vaginismus, vulvodynia
64
Assessment
Nurse collects subjective/objective data regarding normal sexual function, risk factors for sexual dysfunction, and present sexual dysfunction
Focused assessment when indicated.
65
Assessment
Establish trusting relationship --first. Ask direct questions, observe nonverbal, evaluate PE, lab, diagnostic studies, encourage ventilation of feelings, know slang terms, ask less sensitive questions first, psychological assessment.
66
Focused assessment guide
Reproductive history, history of STI's, History of sexual dysfunction, sexual care behaviors, sexual self concept, sexual functioning
67
Remember
Establish a trusting relationship. Technique and approach influence content obtained. Approach in humanistic, open manner. Ask open-ended, non-judgmental questions. Individualize for client-assess which areas are appropriate for the individual client.
68
Needs assessment guide
sexual concerns, Female-menstrual history, LMP, vaginal discharge, pregnancies, living children, contraceptive measures, breast abnormalities.
Male- prostrate enlargement or inflammation, testicular masses, urethral discharge. Contraceptive measures, subjective comments, treatments.
69
Present Sexual Dysfunction
description of current problem. onset & cause. Client's preception of what led to the problem & what prevents problem from being alleviated. Past treatment & outcome. Client's expectations & goals.
70
Approved Nursing Diagnosis
Sexual dysfunction, ineffective sexual patterns, deflcit, knowledge
71
Planning
PLISSIT Model
72
P
Permission giving
73
LI
limited information
74
SS
Specific Suggestions
75
IT
Intensive Therapy
76
Implementation
Sexual health promotion, Prevention of STI's, self breast exam, mammogram, pap smear, testicular self exam, contraception, restorative/long term care
77
Breast Self Exam
performed monthly by women 20 years or older. Health care professional should do an exam every 3 years from ages 20-39 and yearly for women over age 40. Family history of breast cancer yearly exam by health care professional. Screening mammogram by age 40 and then annually if no family history. Education on BSE in imperative!!
78
Testicular exam
Should be performed on all males over the age of 15. Most common cancer among males aged 20-39
79
"What is the term for the cessation of a woman’s menstrual activity?
a. Menarche
b. Premenstrual syndrome
c. Menopause
d. Menstrual dysfunction"
" c. Menopause, the cessation of a woman’s menstrual cycle, occurs between the ages of 45 and 55 years. The woman may experience irregular menses over time before menstruation ends."
80
"Masturbation is a technique of sexual expression in which an individual practices self-stimulation. Which of the following is another fact related to masturbation?
a. Only male adolescents masturbate.
b. There are serious health risks associated with frequent masturbation.
c. Individuals who masturbate demonstrate sexual dysfunction.
d. Masturbation is a means of learning what a person prefers sexually."
" d. It is a means of learning what a person prefers during stimulation and what feels good. Other facts include that people masturbate regardless of sex, age, or marital status. No known health risks are associated with masturbation. Masturbation is not “wrong” or “dirty.
81
"What term describes stimulation of the female genitals by licking and sucking the clitoris and surrounding structures?
a. Fellatio
b. Soixante-neuf
c. Cunnilingus
d. Masturbation"
"c. Cunnilingus is stimulation of the female genitals by licking and sucking the clitoris and surrounding structures."
82
"What is the practice of gaining sexual pleasure while inflicting abuse on another person?
a. Pedophilia
b. Voyeurism
c. Sadism
d. Masochism"
" c. Sadism refers to gaining sexual pleasure while inflicting abuse on another person."
83
" Which of the following are appropriate recommendations for anyone who is sexually active to prevent STIs?
a. Have regular checkups for STIs even in the absence of symptoms."
b. Learn the common symptoms of STIs and seek help immediately if any develop—even if the symptom is mild.
c. Avoid having sex during menstruation.
d. Avoid douching.
e. Avoid anal intercourse, but if practiced, use a male condom.
f. All of the above."
" f. The National Allergy and Infectious Diseases Institute recommends each of the five statements to those who are sexually active to prevent STIs.
84
"A patient tells the nurse that she uses a mechanical barrier for birth control. Which of the following methods fits that category? a. Diaphragm
b. Oral contraceptive pills
c. Depo-Provera
d. Evra patch"
" a. The diaphragm is the only barrier method of contraception listed; all the other methods are hormonal.
85
" A 17-year-old college student calls the emergency room and tells the nurse that she was raped by a profes- sor. She wants to come to the ER but only if the nurse can assure her that they will not call her parents. What should be the nurse’s first priority?
a. Getting the patient into a safe environment and mobilizing support for her. b. Encouraging the student to disclose the name of the professor so that his predatory behavior will be stopped.
c. Convincing the student to be assessed for pregnancy, STIs, or other complications. d. Convincing the student to tell her parents so that she can receive their support."
" a. While the remaining options may be indicated the first priority is to ensure the safety of the woman and to get her the support she needs at this moment"
86
"Which of the following statements by a patient indicates a need for teaching about contraception?
a. “Depo-Provera is not effective against sexually transmitted infections, but contraceptive protection is immediate if I get the injection on the first day of my period.”
b. “The hormonal ring contraceptive, NuvaRing, protects against pregnancy by suppressing ovulation, thickening cervical mucus, and preventing the fertilized egg from implanting in the uterus.”
c. “Abstinence may be an effective method of contraception and may be used as a periodic or continuous strategy.”
d. “Withdrawal is an effective method of birth control as well as an effective method of reducing the spread of sexually transmitted infections.
"d. Withdrawal offers no protection against sexually transmitted infections."
87
" What term is defined as the integration of somatic, emotional, intellectual, and social aspects of sexual being in ways that are positively enriching and that enhance personality?
a. Gender role behavior
b. Sexual health
c. Gender identity
d. Sexuality
"b. Sexual health is the term that best fits the definition."
88
"What is the term for unwelcome behavior that is sexual or gender-based in nature?
a. Intimidation
b. Sexual harassment
c. Confrontation
d. Altercation
b. Sexual harassment may be defined as any unwelcome verbal or physical advance or sexually explicit statement—such as leers, pats, grabs, jokes, requests for dates, and even rape—that interferes with a person’s ability to do his or her job by making him or her feel humiliated, intimidated, or uncomfortable.
