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Exam 7 Promoting Asepsis Preventing Infection Flashcards

0
Q

SECONDARY–LINE OF DEFENSE

A
  • Phagocytosis
    • WBC engulf and destroy
      • Neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils
  • Complement cascade
    • Complement (Blood protein) trigger release of chemicals that rupture pathogen cell membrane
    • Signal Basophils to release histamine (inflam)
  • Inflammation
    • Begins with histamine
    • Causes dilation and increased permeability of vessels increasing WBC attach
  • Fever (</= 102 F)
    • To hot for pathogens, triggers immune response
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1
Q

HOW DOES THE NURSE DO IT

A
  • Assessment
    • Nursing History
    • Physical Assessment
  • Nursing diagnosis
    • Risk of infection r/t altered immune response secondary to…..Corticosteroid therapy
    • Risk of infection r/t impaired skin integrity and/or poor nutritional status
  • Goals
    • Client will remain free of infection AEB…
  • Interventions (Break the chain of infection)
    • Aseptic technique used with all exposures
    • Maintain skin integrity and natural defenses
    • Reduce stress
    • Promote immune function
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2
Q

BODIES DEFENSES AGAINST INFECTION

A
  • Inflammatory Response (Acute Infection)
    • Inflammatory response is the first response to a bacteria
    • Redness, heat, swelling, pain and loss of function
      • Vaso constriction then dilation
      • Histamine release to increase vascular permeability allowing protein fluid to are (serious fluid/sanguinous/purulent)
      • WBC
        • Nertrophils primary phagocytes flood area
  • Immune Response
    • (Bodies response foreign/sometimes own protein)
      • Humoral Immunity
        • Foreign protein=antigen
        • Body produces=antibody
      • Cellular Immunity
        • Increased WBC to destroy recognized foreign protein
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3
Q

STAGES OF INFECTION

-KNOW THIS CARD!!!!!!

A
  • Incubation
    • Exposure, may be infectious but no symptoms
      • 1 day (flu) several months even years
  • Prodromal
    • First appearance of symptoms (cold=sore throat)
    • Several hours to several days
  • Illness
    • Appearance of disease, this stage can lead to death if treatment is unsuccessful
    • Infection determines length of illness
  • Convalescence
    • S/S begin to subside. Pathogen #’s decline
    • Tissue repair and return to health
    • Infection determines length of convalescence
    • May have temp, permanent change in health
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4
Q

INFECTIONS CLASSIFIED

A
  • LOCAL: Throat, Finger, A general area. -SYSTEMIC: Everywhere
  • PRIMARY: I am the cause of the problem. -SECONDARY: Something else caused it, yeast from infection.
  • EXOGENOUS NOSOCOMIAL: Hospital-nurse didn’t wash hands. -ENDOGENOUS NOSOCOMIAL:
    • Acquired from other people. - Inside the patient

-LATROGENIC: Result of treatment.

  • ACUTE: All of a sudden-Cold, Flu, Mumps
  • CHRONIC: Long term- Ongoing- Hepatitis, HIV.
  • LATENT: Its there and you don’t show s/s of disease, carrier of some kind.
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5
Q

PORTAL OF EXIT

A
  • Body Fluid (EXCEPT SWEAT)
  • Blood
  • Mucous (SNOT NOSE)
  • Saliva
  • Breast Milk
  • Urine, Feces
  • Vomit
  • Semen
  • Cuts
  • Bites
  • Abrasions
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6
Q

STAGE FOUR OF INFECTION

A

.

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7
Q

TERTIARY

A
  • Specific Immunity
    • Lymphocytes (produced in bone marrow from stem cells)
      • B cells (B-Bone marrow)
      • T cells (T-thymus)
    • Antigens
      • Substance on foreign molecule surface that triggers immune response
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8
Q

STAGES OF INFECTION

A
  1. Incubation
  2. Prodromal
  3. Illness
  4. Convalescence
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9
Q

INFECTION

A

When micro organisms capable of producing disease invade the body.

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10
Q

PRIMARY–LINE OF DEFENSE

A
  • Skin
    • Intact: PRIMARY MODE TO PREVENT INFECTION
  • Respiratory tree
    • Mucous
    • Hair in nose
    • Cilia: IN LUNGS-SMOKING KILLS THE CILIA IN THE LUNGS, PARALYZES CILIA
  • Eyes
    • Lysozyme in tears
      • antimicrobial
  • Mouth
    • Lysozyme in saliva
      • Kills the bacteria in the mouth
  • Gastrointestinal
    • Acidic
    • Bile (antimicrobial)
    • Vomiting/diarrhea
  • Genitourinary
    • Mucous
    • Acidic
    • Lysozyme
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11
Q

CDC TIER ONE

A
  • Standard Precautions (Universal)
    • Protects you from possible exposure
    • Protects other clients from exposure
    • Wash hands before and after everything
    • Wear glove if potential for blood/body fluids
    • Wear mask/eye protection if potential for splash
    • Wear gown if potential for soiling cloths
    • Never recap used needles
    • Clean all used equipment
    • Ect, ect, ect…..
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12
Q

PORTAL OF ENTRY

A
  • Normal Body Openings
  • ——-Conjuctiva
  • ——-Nares
  • ——-Mouth
  • ——-Urethra
  • ——-Vagina
  • ——-Anus
  • Abnormal Openings
  • ——-Cuts
  • ——-Scrapes
  • ——-Bites
  • ——-Wounds
  • ————SURGICAL WOUND
  • ————ACCIDENTAL WOUND
  • ————ANY OPEN WOUND
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13
Q

PATHOGENS

A

ORGANISMS CAPABLE OF CAUSING DISEASE

  • —BACTERIA, VIRUSES AND FUNGI (yeast and molds)
  • —PROTOZOA
  • ——-AMOEBAE, HELMINTHS (worms), PRIONS (INFECTIOUS PROTEIN THAT CAUSE NEUROLOGICAL DISEASE)
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14
Q

CAN SLOW OR KILL MICRO ORGANISMS

A

TO HOT / TO COLD

— FEVER, COOKING TEMPERATURE

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15
Q

CDC TIER TWO

A
  • Contact Precautions
    • Protection from “contact”
    • Gloves, gown
    • Private room
  • Droplet Precautions
    • Add mask/eye protect to contact precautions
  • Airborne Precautions
    • N95 respirator mask for TB
    • Only immune caregivers for measles/chickenpox
  • Protective Isolation
    • To protect client
    • Wear mask
    • Client wear mask when out of room
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16
Q

STAGE TWO OF INFECTION

A

PRODROMAL

    • First appearance of symptoms (cold= sore throat)
    • Several hours to several days
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17
Q

HANDLING/DISPOSING SUPPLIES

A
  • Disposable when possible
  • Sterilize/disinfect
  • Bag Color
    • Red most often
  • Bag Labeling
    • Biohazards
  • Double bagging
    • If bag is damaged or soiled on the outside
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18
Q

INFECTIOUS AGENT

A
  1. Normal flora ( found all over the body)
    Example “intestine”
    • aide in digestion
    • synthesize vit. K, release vit. B12, thiamine, riboflavin
    • limit growth of harmful bacteria
  2. Pathogens
    Organisms capable of causing disease
    -bacteria, viruses and fungi ( yeast and mold)
    • Protozoa
    • Amoebae, helminthes (worms), prions (infectious protein that cause neurological disease)
  3. Infection
    • successful invasionof the body by a pathogen
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19
Q

SUSCEPTIBLE HOST

A
  • Person with inadequate defenses
    • 3 factors leading to infection
      1. Virulence of organism (power to infect)
      2. Number transmitted
      3. Host defenses
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20
Q

NON LIVING RESERVIORS OF INFECTION

A
  • SOIL—RINGWORMS
  • WATER
  • FOOD
  • ENVIRONMENTAL SURFACES — FOMITE
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21
Q

INFECTION

A

SUCCESSFUL INVASION OF THE BODY BY A PATHOGEN

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22
Q

5 MAGIC QUESTIONS

A
  1. What is it?
  2. What does it look like?
  3. How is it diagnosed?
  4. How is it treated?
  5. What do i teach my patient?
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23
Q

STAGE THREE OF INFECTION

A

ILLNESS

  • -Appearance of disease this stage can lead to death if treatment is unsuccessful
    • Infection determines length of illness
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24
FACTORS THAT INCREASE RISK
- Developmental stage - Very young/old - Keep brand new baby at home for at least 2 weeks!!!! - Breaks in defense - Skin - Illness or injury - Smoking - Substance abuse - Alcoholic poor appetite - Multiple sexual partners - exposure - Environmental factors - Day care, health care, nursing homes - Chronic disease - Medications - Anti-inflammatory - Anti-biotic cause yeast infection - Medical procedures - Cath UTI - IV lines ect...
25
WHAT SHOULD BE DISINFECTED
- Everything..... - Food utensils/cups/plates - VS equipment - Bed - Linen - IV equipment - Blood sugar monitor
26
RESERVIOR
LOCATION OF INFECTION | MUST SUPPORT MICROBIAL GROWTH
27
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
- Direct Contact - -----------Touching - -----------Kissing - -----------Sex - Animal Direct Contact - -----------Scratching - -----------Biting - -----------------Airborn - Indirect Contact (Fomite)-(SOLID SURFACES BLOOD PRESSURE CUFF) - ------Contaminated object that transfers a pathogen. - ------Any object (GLOVES) contaminated (HANDS) - ------Surfaces - -----------Droplet - -----------Airborn - -----------Vector (INSECT)
28
TERTIARY CONT.. | GOT THE DISEASE AT THIS POINT
- Humoral Immunity Antibodies (Immunoglobulins) - Phagocytosis - Neutralization - Agglutination - Surround and encapsulate the virus - Activation of compliment and inflammation - IgM - IgG--Acquired as infant from mother - IgE - IgA - IgD - Cell Mediated Immunity - T-Cells, Cytotoxic, Helper, Memory, Suppressor
29
SURGICAL ASEPSIS--STERILITY
- Sterile - Surgical Scrub - Surgical Attire - Sterile technique - Sterile Fields
30
TEACHING INFECTION CONTROL
- Wash hands before/after preparing/eating food - Use cooking temps high enough to ensure safe eating - Wash hands, cutting boards, utensils with hot soapy water before/after handling raw poultry/meat. - Keep food refrigerated (exp. Mayo) - Wash raw fruits and vegetables - Use pasteurized milk and fruit juices - Wash hands after bathroom visits - Do not share personal items (washcloths, towels, toothbrushes) - Use paper-towels or hot air dryers in public facilities - Use tongs to lift food at buffets - Use sterilizer for comb/brushes in beauty salons - Testing for food handlers to detect disease (Typhoid Mary) - Encourage Hep A vaccine for food handlers - Encourage frequent hand washing
31
MEDICAL ASEPSIS
- Clean technique - Disinfect environment - Hand Hygiene - Upon arrival to unit - When leaving unit - Before and after bathroom visit - Before and after contact with client - Before and after gloving - Before and after touching face - Before and after eating - After touching anything the might be contaminated - Whenever hands are visible dirty
32
Normal Flora
- Found all over the body - Example---- Intestines - ------Aide in digestion - ------Synthesize vit. K, release vit. B12, thiamine, riboflavin - ------ Limit growth of harmful bacteria
33
EVIDENCED-BASED PRACTICE
- Case study with secondary wounds - Open wounds requiring dressing change TID - First group sterile dressing - 1,070 pts over 3 months - 9 reported infections (0.84%) - Second group clean dressings - 963 pts over 3 months - 8 reported infections (0.83%) - Cost $380 less per patient
34
LIVING RESERVIORS OF INFECTION
- ANIMALS - INSECTS - HUMANS - CARRIERS - --CARRY DISEASE PATHOGEN, DO NOT HAVE SYMPTOMS OF DISEASE - --------- TYPHIOD MARY
35
STAGES ONE OF INFECTION
INCUBATION - -- EXPOSURE, MAY BE INFECTIOUS BUT NO SYMPTOMS - -------1 DAY (FLU). Several months even years
36
SUPPORT OF IMMUNE DEFENSE
-Nutrition Infection depletes protein, vitamins, minerals, H2O -Hygiene -Helps maintain integrity, decreases bacteria count -Rest/Exercise -Balance of rest and exercise is needed for renewal and oxygenation -Stress Reduction -Remember Thursday......Laughter best medicine -Immunization -Expose to weak/dead pathogens -Stimulates immune response
37
CHAIN OF INFECTION
1. Infectious agent 2. Reservoir 3. Portal of exit 4. Mode of transmission 5. Portal of entry 6. Susceptible host
38
INFECTION CONTROL
- When exposed to blood borne pathogens - Wash area with running water - Use soap or alcohol when possible - Contact employee health ASAP (or use as SN) - Lab work for baseline you and client - Infection Control Nurse Role - To minimize infect in facility - Must be current on infection information - Tracks and reports - Bioterrorism and infectious outbreaks - Recognize unusual disease patterns - Similar resistant patterns - Are healthcare workers becoming ill also
39
RESERVOIR
1. Location of Infection 2. Must support microbial growth - Not too wet/dry, need correct electrolyte concentration - Salt lake (dead sea) - Too hot too cold can slow or kill (Microorganisms) - Fever, cooking temps - Non living reservoirs of infection - Soil (Ringworms) - Water - Food - Environmental surfaces (Fomite) Living reservoirs of infection - Animals - Insects - Humans - Carriers - Carry disease pathogen, do not have symptoms of disease - Typhoid Mary
40
SECONDARY--LINE OF DEFENSE
- Phagocytosis - WBC engulf and destroy - Neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils - Complement cascade - Complement (Blood protein) trigger release of chemicals that rupture pathogen cell membrane - Signal Basophils to release histamine (inflam) - Inflammation - Begins with histamine - Causes dilation and increased permeability of vessels increasing WBC attach - Fever (
41
HANDLING/DISPOSING SUPPLIES
- Disposable when possible - Sterilize/disinfect - Bag Color - Red most often - Bag Labeling - Biohazards - Double bagging - If bag is damaged or soiled on the outside
42
WHAT SHOULD BE DISINFECTED
- Everything..... - Food utensils/cups/plates - VS equipment - Bed - Linen - IV equipment - Blood sugar monitor
43
INFECTIOUS AGENT
1. Normal flora ( found all over the body) Example "intestine" - aide in digestion - synthesize vit. K, release vit. B12, thiamine, riboflavin - limit growth of harmful bacteria 2. Pathogens Organisms capable of causing disease -bacteria, viruses and fungi ( yeast and mold) - Protozoa - Amoebae, helminthes (worms), prions (infectious protein that cause neurological disease) 3. Infection - successful invasionof the body by a pathogen
44
SURGICAL ASEPSIS--STERILITY
- Sterile - Surgical Scrub - Surgical Attire - Sterile technique - Sterile Fields
45
5 MAGIC QUESTIONS
1. What is it? 2. What does it look like? 3. How is it diagnosed? 4. How is it treated? 5. What do i teach my patient?
46
TERTIARY
- Specific Immunity - Lymphocytes (produced in bone marrow from stem cells) - B cells (B-Bone marrow) - T cells (T-thymus) - Antigens - Substance on foreign molecule surface that triggers immune response
47
INFECTIONS CLASSIFIED
- LOCAL: Throat, Finger, A general area. -SYSTEMIC: Everywhere - PRIMARY: I am the cause of the problem. -SECONDARY: Something else caused it, yeast from infection. - EXOGENOUS NOSOCOMIAL: Hospital-nurse didn't wash hands. -ENDOGENOUS NOSOCOMIAL: - Acquired from other people. - Inside the patient -LATROGENIC: Result of treatment. - ACUTE: All of a sudden-Cold, Flu, Mumps - CHRONIC: Long term- Ongoing- Hepatitis, HIV. - LATENT: Its there and you don't show s/s of disease, carrier of some kind.
48
RESERVOIR
1. Location of Infection 2. Must support microbial growth - Not too wet/dry, need correct electrolyte concentration - Salt lake (dead sea) - Too hot too cold can slow or kill (Microorganisms) - Fever, cooking temps - Non living reservoirs of infection - Soil (Ringworms) - Water - Food - Environmental surfaces (Fomite) Living reservoirs of infection - Animals - Insects - Humans - Carriers - Carry disease pathogen, do not have symptoms of disease - Typhoid Mary
49
MEDICAL ASEPSIS
- Clean technique - Disinfect environment - Hand Hygiene - Upon arrival to unit - When leaving unit - Before and after bathroom visit - Before and after contact with client - Before and after gloving - Before and after touching face - Before and after eating - After touching anything the might be contaminated - Whenever hands are visible dirty
50
HOW DOES THE NURSE DO IT
- Assessment - Nursing History - Physical Assessment - Nursing diagnosis - Risk of infection r/t altered immune response secondary to.....Corticosteroid therapy - Risk of infection r/t impaired skin integrity and/or poor nutritional status - Goals - Client will remain free of infection AEB... - Interventions (Break the chain of infection) - Aseptic technique used with all exposures - Maintain skin integrity and natural defenses - Reduce stress - Promote immune function
51
CHAIN OF INFECTION
1. Infectious agent 2. Reservoir 3. Portal of exit 4. Mode of transmission 5. Portal of entry 6. Susceptible host
52
INFECTION
When micro organisms capable of producing disease invade the body.
53
STAGE TWO OF INFECTION
PRODROMAL - - First appearance of symptoms (cold= sore throat) - - Several hours to several days
54
INFECTION CONTROL
- When exposed to blood borne pathogens - Wash area with running water - Use soap or alcohol when possible - Contact employee health ASAP (or use as SN) - Lab work for baseline you and client - Infection Control Nurse Role - To minimize infect in facility - Must be current on infection information - Tracks and reports - Bioterrorism and infectious outbreaks - Recognize unusual disease patterns - Similar resistant patterns - Are healthcare workers becoming ill also
55
TERTIARY CONT.. | GOT THE DISEASE AT THIS POINT
- Humoral Immunity Antibodies (Immunoglobulins) - Phagocytosis - Neutralization - Agglutination - Surround and encapsulate the virus - Activation of compliment and inflammation - IgM - IgG--Acquired as infant from mother - IgE - IgA - IgD - Cell Mediated Immunity - T-Cells, Cytotoxic, Helper, Memory, Suppressor
56
Normal Flora
- Found all over the body - Example---- Intestines - ------Aide in digestion - ------Synthesize vit. K, release vit. B12, thiamine, riboflavin - ------ Limit growth of harmful bacteria
57
CDC TIER ONE
- Standard Precautions (Universal) - Protects you from possible exposure - Protects other clients from exposure - Wash hands before and after everything - Wear glove if potential for blood/body fluids - Wear mask/eye protection if potential for splash - Wear gown if potential for soiling cloths - Never recap used needles - Clean all used equipment - Ect, ect, ect.....
58
NON LIVING RESERVIORS OF INFECTION
- SOIL---RINGWORMS - WATER - FOOD - ENVIRONMENTAL SURFACES --- FOMITE
59
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
- Direct Contact - -----------Touching - -----------Kissing - -----------Sex - Animal Direct Contact - -----------Scratching - -----------Biting - -----------------Airborn - Indirect Contact (Fomite)-(SOLID SURFACES BLOOD PRESSURE CUFF) - ------Contaminated object that transfers a pathogen. - ------Any object (GLOVES) contaminated (HANDS) - ------Surfaces - -----------Droplet - -----------Airborn - -----------Vector (INSECT)
60
CDC TIER TWO
- Contact Precautions - Protection from "contact" - Gloves, gown - Private room - Droplet Precautions - Add mask/eye protect to contact precautions - Airborne Precautions - N95 respirator mask for TB - Only immune caregivers for measles/chickenpox - Protective Isolation - To protect client - Wear mask - Client wear mask when out of room
61
EVIDENCED-BASED PRACTICE
- Case study with secondary wounds - Open wounds requiring dressing change TID - First group sterile dressing - 1,070 pts over 3 months - 9 reported infections (0.84%) - Second group clean dressings - 963 pts over 3 months - 8 reported infections (0.83%) - Cost $380 less per patient
62
BODIES DEFENSES AGAINST INFECTION
- Inflammatory Response (Acute Infection) - Inflammatory response is the first response to a bacteria - Redness, heat, swelling, pain and loss of function - Vaso constriction then dilation - Histamine release to increase vascular permeability allowing protein fluid to are (serious fluid/sanguinous/purulent) - WBC - Nertrophils primary phagocytes flood area - Immune Response - (Bodies response foreign/sometimes own protein) - Humoral Immunity - Foreign protein=antigen - Body produces=antibody - Cellular Immunity - Increased WBC to destroy recognized foreign protein
63
STAGE FOUR OF INFECTION
CONVALESCENCE - --S/S BEGIN TO SUBSIDE. PATHOGEN #'S DECLINE - --TISSUE REPAIR AND RETURN TO HEALTH - --INFECTION DETERMINES LENGTH OF CONVALESCENCE - --MAY HAVE TEMP/PERMANENT CHANGE IN HEALTH ------KNOW THIS SCREEN!!!!!!!
64
FACTORS THAT INCREASE RISK
- Developmental stage - Very young/old - Keep brand new baby at home for at least 2 weeks!!!! - Breaks in defense - Skin - Illness or injury - Smoking - Substance abuse - Alcoholic poor appetite - Multiple sexual partners - exposure - Environmental factors - Day care, health care, nursing homes - Chronic disease - Medications - Anti-inflammatory - Anti-biotic cause yeast infection - Medical procedures - Cath UTI - IV lines ect...
65
STAGES OF INFECTION | -KNOW THIS CARD!!!!!!
- Incubation - Exposure, may be infectious but no symptoms - 1 day (flu) several months even years - Prodromal - First appearance of symptoms (cold=sore throat) - Several hours to several days - Illness - Appearance of disease, this stage can lead to death if treatment is unsuccessful - Infection determines length of illness - Convalescence - S/S begin to subside. Pathogen #'s decline - Tissue repair and return to health - Infection determines length of convalescence - May have temp, permanent change in health
66
RESERVIOR
LOCATION OF INFECTION | MUST SUPPORT MICROBIAL GROWTH
67
TEACHING INFECTION CONTROL
- Wash hands before/after preparing/eating food - Use cooking temps high enough to ensure safe eating - Wash hands, cutting boards, utensils with hot soapy water before/after handling raw poultry/meat. - Keep food refrigerated (exp. Mayo) - Wash raw fruits and vegetables - Use pasteurized milk and fruit juices - Wash hands after bathroom visits - Do not share personal items (washcloths, towels, toothbrushes) - Use paper-towels or hot air dryers in public facilities - Use tongs to lift food at buffets - Use sterilizer for comb/brushes in beauty salons - Testing for food handlers to detect disease (Typhoid Mary) - Encourage Hep A vaccine for food handlers - Encourage frequent hand washing
68
INFECTION
SUCCESSFUL INVASION OF THE BODY BY A PATHOGEN
69
PRIMARY--LINE OF DEFENSE
- Skin - Intact: PRIMARY MODE TO PREVENT INFECTION - Respiratory tree - Mucous - Hair in nose - Cilia: IN LUNGS-SMOKING KILLS THE CILIA IN THE LUNGS, PARALYZES CILIA - Eyes - Lysozyme in tears - antimicrobial - Mouth - Lysozyme in saliva - Kills the bacteria in the mouth - Gastrointestinal - Acidic - Bile (antimicrobial) - Vomiting/diarrhea - Genitourinary - Mucous - Acidic - Lysozyme
70
CAN SLOW OR KILL MICRO ORGANISMS
TO HOT / TO COLD | --- FEVER, COOKING TEMPERATURE
71
STAGE THREE OF INFECTION
ILLNESS - -Appearance of disease this stage can lead to death if treatment is unsuccessful - - Infection determines length of illness
72
PORTAL OF EXIT
- Body Fluid (EXCEPT SWEAT) - Blood - Mucous (SNOT NOSE) - Saliva - Breast Milk - Urine, Feces - Vomit - Semen - Cuts - Bites - Abrasions
73
STAGES OF INFECTION
1. Incubation 2. Prodromal 3. Illness 4. Convalescence
74
SUPPORT OF IMMUNE DEFENSE
-Nutrition Infection depletes protein, vitamins, minerals, H2O -Hygiene -Helps maintain integrity, decreases bacteria count -Rest/Exercise -Balance of rest and exercise is needed for renewal and oxygenation -Stress Reduction -Remember Thursday......Laughter best medicine -Immunization -Expose to weak/dead pathogens -Stimulates immune response
75
PORTAL OF ENTRY
- Normal Body Openings - -------Conjuctiva - -------Nares - -------Mouth - -------Urethra - -------Vagina - -------Anus - Abnormal Openings - -------Cuts - -------Scrapes - -------Bites - -------Wounds - ------------SURGICAL WOUND - ------------ACCIDENTAL WOUND - ------------ANY OPEN WOUND
76
SUSCEPTIBLE HOST
- Person with inadequate defenses - 3 factors leading to infection 1. Virulence of organism (power to infect) 2. Number transmitted 3. Host defenses
77
STAGES ONE OF INFECTION
INCUBATION - -- EXPOSURE, MAY BE INFECTIOUS BUT NO SYMPTOMS - -------1 DAY (FLU). Several months even years
78
LIVING RESERVIORS OF INFECTION
- ANIMALS - INSECTS - HUMANS - CARRIERS - --CARRY DISEASE PATHOGEN, DO NOT HAVE SYMPTOMS OF DISEASE - --------- TYPHIOD MARY
79
PATHOGENS
ORGANISMS CAPABLE OF CAUSING DISEASE - ---BACTERIA, VIRUSES AND FUNGI (yeast and molds) - ---PROTOZOA - -------AMOEBAE, HELMINTHS (worms), PRIONS (INFECTIOUS PROTEIN THAT CAUSE NEUROLOGICAL DISEASE)

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