Exam 3 Review

Question 1

After the pain neurons from the trigeminal ganglion synapse on the spinal trigeminal nucleus, they ascend as the ______________ (be sure to list which side it’s on). Where does this synapse?

Answer 1

contralateral ventral trigeminothalamic tract; the ventral posteromedial nucleus

Question 2

Fine-touch axons from the trigeminal ganglion synapse on the _____________.

Answer 2

ipsilateral chief sensory nucleus of V

Question 3

True or false: some sensory information from the perioral neurons ascends ipsilaterally.

Answer 3

True! This is the dorsal trigeminothalamic tract.

Question 4

The geniculo-calcarine tract is also known as ____________.

Answer 4

the optic radiation

Question 5

The primary visual cortex is also known as _____________.

Answer 5

the striate cortex

Question 6

The primary sensory neurons for the vestibulocochlear system are located in __________.

Answer 6

the vestibular ganglion

Question 7

In the vestibular reflex, the lateral vestibulospinal tracts (which descend from the vestibular nuclei) facilitate ______________. They do so by synapsing on lower-motor neurons in the anterior horn.

Answer 7

the extensors of the limbs and neck

Question 8

The MLF ascends from what structure (be sure to list the side)?

Answer 8

The ipsilateral vestibular nucleus

Question 9

In which structure are the primary auditory neurons located?

Answer 9

The spiral ganglion

Question 10

After synapsing on the cochlear nuclei, the next auditory axons synapse on ___________.

Answer 10

the bilateral superior olivary nuclei

Question 11

What tract arises from the superior olivary nucleus?

Answer 11

The lateral lemniscus

Question 12

The lateral lemniscus synapses on the ___________.

Answer 12

inferior colliculus

Question 13

The inferior colliculus synapses on the ______________.

Answer 13

medial geniculate nucleus

Question 14

True or false: the corticobulbar axons that control eye movements synapse on the contralateral nuclei.

Answer 14

False. Both sides!

Question 15

The corticobulbar area that controls the face synapses on _______________.

Answer 15

both sides for forehead muscles but only the contralateral side for smiling

Question 16

The hypoglossal nerve is controlled by the _____________.

Answer 16

contralateral cortex

Question 17

The vestibular axons that terminate on the granule cells are ___________ fibers.

Answer 17

mossy

Question 18

Fastigial axons terminate in the ____________.

Answer 18

vestibular nuclei

Question 19

The medial longitudinal fasciculus is also called the ______________.

Answer 19

medial vestibulospinal tract

Question 20

Proprioceptive muscle sensors synapse on the _______________ and then travel up as the _____________.

Answer 20

ipsilateral nucleus dorsalis; ipsilateral dorsal spinocerebellar tract (just lateral to the lateral corticospinal tract)

Question 21

The dentate nuclei send axons to the ________________.

Answer 21

contralateral red nuclei and VA/VL

Question 22

Axons from the VA/VL project to the _____________.

Answer 22

ipsilateral motor cortex

Question 23

Pallidal efferents terminate in the ________________.

Answer 23

VA/VL and CM

Question 24

During the accommodation reflex, the _________ muscles contract.

Answer 24

ciliary

Question 25

The frontal eye field can _________________.

Answer 25

activate saccades directly via the reticular formation

Question 26

Damage to the MLF between CN III and CN VI damages axons from the _______________.

Answer 26

contralateral abducens nerve; the MLF carries interneurons from the abducens nerve between the oculomotor nucleus and the abducens nucleus

Question 27

A temporary inability to hear a certain frequency is most commonly due to ______________.

Answer 27

noise exposure

Question 28

The early signs of vestibular Schwannomas are _____________.

Answer 28

intracanalicular; other symptoms – such as headache and hydrocephalus – occur late in the disease

Question 29

Describe Meniere's disease.

Answer 29

Most often presenting in 20 - 50 age cohort, Meniere's affects usually just one ear. Symptoms include hearing loss, tinnitus, feeling of aural fullness, and vertigo. Thought to be caused by excess endolymph. Treat with diuretics and low-salt diet.

Question 30

Sensory hearing loss is caused by ____________.

Answer 30

things that affect the cochlea; conductive loss occurs with canal/tympanic/ossicle problems

Question 31

The most common cause of conductive hearing loss is _____________.

Answer 31

otitis media

Question 32

How can otosclerosis be treated?

Answer 32

With stapedectomy – remodeling and fixing of the stapes bone

Question 33

At what age can children get cochlear implants?

Answer 33

1 year

Question 34

Humans detect pheromones via the ____________ system.

Answer 34

olfactory (the vomeronasal is defunct)

Question 35

The ___________ branch of the facial nerve carries taste sensation.

Answer 35

chorda tympani

Question 36

True or false: filliform bumps do not have taste buds.

Answer 36

True

Question 37

The principal sensory nucleus of the trigeminal nerve is analogous to the _____________.

Answer 37

dorsal column nuclei (because those are the nucleus cuneatus/gracilis, and both carry sensory information)

Question 38

The mesencephalic nucleus is derived from ________________ cells.

Answer 38

neural crest

Question 39

What are brachiomotor nuclei?

Answer 39

Nuclei that innervate striated muscle that is derived from branchial arches (so CN nuclei V, VII, and the nucleus ambiguus)

Question 40

The hypoglossal nucleus is anterior to the _____________.

Answer 40

motor nucleus of the vagus nerve

Question 41

The medial lemniscus and pyramids are closest to one another in the _______.

Answer 41

medulla

Question 42

Recall that axons in the medial geniculate nuclei originated in the ______________.

Answer 42

ipsilateral inferior colliculus

Question 43

Learned acts are controlled by the ___________ cortex.

Answer 43

primary motor

Question 44

What motor cortex is involved in the rehearsal of planned motor activity?

Answer 44

The supplementary motor cortex (anterior to the primary motor cortex)

Question 45

Interaural level differences are used to locate sounds greater than _______ Hz.

Answer 45

1600

Question 46

Spectral cues are used to localize ______ location.

Answer 46

vertical

Question 47

Interaural time differences are first encoded by cells in the ___________. Interaural level differences are encoded in the _______________.

Answer 47

medial superior olive; lateral superior olive

Question 48

Spectral cues are encoded in the ___________. Contralateral sound sources are coded in the ____________.

Answer 48

ipsilateral cochlear nucleus; contralateral inferior colliculus

Question 49

In addition to being involved in mentally rehearsing a movement, the supplementary motor cortex also will cause ________________ if stimulated and sends axons to ________________.

Answer 49

complex movements like moving a the hand to the face regardless of its initial position; the corticospinal tract

Question 50

The main difference between simple and complex cells are that ________________.

Answer 50

complex cells care less about the exact position of objects; they respond to a consistent object in a range of visual areas

Question 51

The hypothalamus mediates ____________ via the vagus nerve.

Answer 51

hunger pangs

Question 52

Explain the Snellen chart numbers.

Answer 52

The denominator is the distance at which a normal person could see what you see at 20 feet. So if your vision is 20/60, then a normal person could see what you see at 20 feet when they're at 60 feet.

Question 53

What is the normal pupil size range?

Answer 53

2 - 6 mm

Question 54

People often tilt their heads to the opposite direction when the ______________ is lesioned.

Answer 54

superior oblique

Question 55

The FEF synapses on the _________________.

Answer 55

contralateral PPRF

Question 56

Bell's palsy is a ________________ neuron disorder.

Answer 56

lower-motor

Question 57

Lesions of the hypoglossal nerve cause the damaged side to ____________.

Answer 57

pull inward; this comes from the contralateral cortex

Question 58

What is the clinical importance of the facial nerve division?

Answer 58

The innervation for the lower half of the face comes from the contralateral cortex, while the upper face comes from the ipsilateral cortex. Loss of just the ability to smile represents contralateral cortical damage, while loss of the entire facial muscles on one side represents a lower-motor neuron problem (such as Bell's palsy).

Question 59

Each vestibular nucleus is tonically pushing the eyes in the ___________ direction.

Answer 59

opposite